関: methylparaben sodium

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/03 20:22:24」(JST)

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This article is about this particular compound. For the class of hydroxybenzoate esters, including discussion on possible health effects, see paraben.

Methylparaben, also methyl paraben, one of the parabens, is a preservative with the chemical formula CH₃(C₆H₄(OH)COO). It is the methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.

Natural occurrences

Methylparaben is found in several fruits, in particular blueberries,^[1]^[2]^[3] where it acts as an antimicrobial agent.

Uses

Methylparaben is an anti-fungal agent often used in a variety of cosmetics and personal-care products. It is also used as a food preservative and has the E number E218.

Methylparaben is commonly used as a fungicide in Drosophila food media. Usage of methylparaben is toxic at higher concentrations, has a estrogenic effect and slow Drosophila growth rate in the larval and pupal stages at a lower concentrations.^[4]

Safety

Methylparaben is produced naturally and found in several fruits, primarily blueberries, along with other parabens. There is controversy about whether methylparaben or propylparabens are harmful at concentrations typically used in body care or cosmetics. Some studies of breast tumors show a build up of methylparabens in the breast tissue. Methyparaben is also estrogenic.^[5]^[6] Methylparaben and propylparaben are considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for food and cosmetic antibacterial preservation.^[7] Methylparaben is readily metabolized by common soil bacteria, making it completely biodegradable.

Methylparaben is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or through the skin.^[8] It is hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzoic acid and rapidly excreted in urine without accumulating in the body.^[8] Acute toxicity studies have shown that methylparaben is practically non-toxic by both oral and parenteral administration in animals.^[8] In a population with normal skin, methylparaben is practically non-irritating and non-sensitizing; however, allergic reactions to ingested parabens have been reported.^[8] Methylparaben is not carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic or embryotoxic; in addition, it is negative in the uterotrophic assay.

Studies indicate that methylparaben applied on the skin may react with UVB, leading to increased skin aging and DNA damage.^[9]^[10]

References

^ Al-Shamma A, Drake S, Flynn DL, Mitscher LA, Park YH, Rao GSR, Simpson A, Swayze JK, Veysoglu T, Wu STS (1981). "Antimicrobial Agents From Higher Plants. Antimicrobial Agents From Peganum harmala Seeds". J Nat Prod 44 (6): 745–747. doi:10.1021/np50018a025. PMID 7334386.
^ Bais HP, Vepachedu R, Vivanco JM, (1 April 2003). "Root specific elicitation and exudation of fluorescent beta-carbolines in transformed root cultures of Oxalis tuberosa". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 41 (4): 345–353. doi:10.1016/S0981-9428(03)00029-9.
^ "In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology". Plant 37 (6): 730–741. 2001.
^ Toxicity and Estrogen Effects of Methyl Paraben on Drosophila melanogaster. Gu Wei, Food Science, 2009, 30(1), pages 252-254, (abstract)
^ [1]
^ Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews: Methyl Paraben
^ Parabens, Food and Drug Administration
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Soni MG, Taylor SL, Greenberg NA, Burdock GA (October 2002). "Evaluation of the health aspects of methyl paraben: a review of the published literature". Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 (10): 1335–73. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00107-2. PMID 12387298. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0278691502001072.
^ Handa, O; Kokura, S; Adachi, S; Takagi, T; Naito, Y; Tanigawa, T; Yoshida, N; Yoshikawa, T (2006). "Methylparaben potentiates UV-induced damage of skin keratinocytes.". Toxicology 227 (1–2): 62–72. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2006.07.018. PMID 16938376.
^ Okamoto, Yoshinori; Hayashi, Tomohiro; Matsunami, Shinpei; Ueda, Koji; Kojima, Nakao (2008). "Combined Activation of Methyl Paraben by Light Irradiation and Esterase Metabolism toward Oxidative DNA Damage". Chemical Research in Toxicology 21 (8): 1594–9. doi:10.1021/tx800066u. PMID 18656963.

External links

Methylparaben at Hazardous Substances Data Bank
Methylparaben at Household Products Database

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1. 小児における関節穿刺または注射：適応、手技、および合併症 joint aspiration or injection in children indications technique and complications
2. 成人における関節吸引または注射：手技および適応 joint aspiration or injection in adults technique and indications
3. 局所麻酔剤の浸潤 infiltration of local anesthetics

English Journal

In vitro induction of apoptosis, necrosis and genotoxicity by cosmetic preservatives: application of flow cytometry as a complementary analysis by NRU.

Carvalho CM, Menezes PF, Letenski GC, Praes CE, Feferman IH, Lorencini M.SourceGrupo Boticário, Research and Innovation Department, Biomolecular Research Laboratory, Av. Rui Barbosa no. 3450, Zip Code: 83.065-260, São José dos Pinhais, PR- Brazil. camilamc@grupoboticario.com.br
International journal of cosmetic science.Int J Cosmet Sci.2012 Apr;34(2):176-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00698.x. Epub 2011 Dec 30.
Preservatives are used in cosmetics to prevent microbial contamination; however, some preservatives are not free of allergenic and cytotoxic potential. Allergenicity and cytotoxicity potential values are major aspects of preservative safety, which determine limitations and maximum concentration dose
PMID 22118339

Application of vesicular coacervate phase for microextraction based on solidification of floating drop.

Moradi M, Yamini Y.SourceDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
Journal of chromatography. A.J Chromatogr A.2012 Mar 16;1229:30-7. Epub 2012 Jan 18.
A new, efficient and environmentally friendly method for the analysis of parabens as model compounds was developed using solidified floating vesicular coacervative drop microextraction (SFVCDME). A supramolecular solvent consisting of vesicles of decanoic acid in the nano- and microscale regimes was
PMID 22305363

Japanese Journal

洗口液と液体歯磨に配合される防腐剤(安息香酸、パラベン類)の1日推定摂取量

高畑薫,宮崎奉之,鎌田国広,石田裕,岡田早苗
日本食品化学学会誌 17(3), 221-226, 2010-12-20
… Next, an investigation of the amount of intake in commercially available products containing benzoic acid and methylparaben was performed. … Furthermore, the estimated intake for methylparaben was 4.1mg/day and 1.0mg/day, respectively. …
NAID 110008661316

新しい低刺激型高分子抗菌剤を目指した水溶性ポリビニルフェノールの合成

伊藤穂高,久光一誠
函館工業高等専門学校紀要 41, 51-55, 2007
… In addition, it was confirmed that the antibacterial activity of the vinylphenol monomer had the high activity compared to those of the methylparaben widely used as antibacterial agent for perfumery and cosmetics. …
NAID 110006390152

抗菌性を有する1,2-アルカンジオールの化粧品への応用 (特集/防腐・殺菌剤の有用性と安全性を考える)

岡本裕也
フレグランスジャーナル 34(4), 34-38, 2006-04
NAID 40007283660

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リンク元	「メチルパラベン」
拡張検索	「methylparaben sodium」

「メチルパラベン」

Methylparaben
	IUPAC name Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
	Other names Methyl paraben;; Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate;; Methyl parahydroxybenzoate;; Nipagin M;; E number E218; Tegosept; Mycocten
Identifiers
CAS number	99-76-3
PubChem	7456
ChemSpider	7176
UNII	A2I8C7HI9T
KEGG	D01400
ChEMBL	CHEMBL325372
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES COC(=O)c1ccc(cc1)O ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C8H8O3/c1-11-8(10)6-2-4-7(9)5-3-6/h2-5,9H,1H3 ; Key: LXCFILQKKLGQFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N InChI=1/C8H8O3/c1-11-8(10)6-2-4-7(9)5-3-6/h2-5,9H,1H3; Key: LXCFILQKKLGQFO-UHFFFAOYAH ;
Properties
Molecular formula	C8H8O3
Molar mass	152.15 g mol−1
Related compounds
Related Parabens	Ethylparaben; Propylparaben; Butylparaben
Related compounds	Methyl salicylate (ortho isomer)
	(verify) (what is: /?); Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
	Infobox references

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英: methylparaben、methylparaben sodium
関: メチルパラベンナトリウム

「methylparaben sodium」

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メチルパラベンナトリウム

関: methylparaben

[1] Al-Shamma A, Drake S, Flynn DL, Mitscher LA, Park YH, Rao GSR, Simpson A, Swayze JK, Veysoglu T, Wu STS (1981). "Antimicrobial Agents From Higher Plants. Antimicrobial Agents From Peganum harmala Seeds". J Nat Prod 44 (6): 745–747. doi:10.1021/np50018a025. PMID 7334386.

[2] Bais HP, Vepachedu R, Vivanco JM, (1 April 2003). "Root specific elicitation and exudation of fluorescent beta-carbolines in transformed root cultures of Oxalis tuberosa". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 41 (4): 345–353. doi:10.1016/S0981-9428(03)00029-9.

[3] "In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology". Plant 37 (6): 730–741. 2001.

[4] Toxicity and Estrogen Effects of Methyl Paraben on Drosophila melanogaster. Gu Wei, Food Science, 2009, 30(1), pages 252-254, (abstract)

[5] [1]

[6] Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews: Methyl Paraben

[7] Parabens, Food and Drug Administration

[Soni-8] Soni MG, Taylor SL, Greenberg NA, Burdock GA (October 2002). "Evaluation of the health aspects of methyl paraben: a review of the published literature". Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 (10): 1335–73. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00107-2. PMID 12387298. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0278691502001072.

[9] Handa, O; Kokura, S; Adachi, S; Takagi, T; Naito, Y; Tanigawa, T; Yoshida, N; Yoshikawa, T (2006). "Methylparaben potentiates UV-induced damage of skin keratinocytes.". Toxicology 227 (1–2): 62–72. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2006.07.018. PMID 16938376.

[10] Okamoto, Yoshinori; Hayashi, Tomohiro; Matsunami, Shinpei; Ueda, Koji; Kojima, Nakao (2008). "Combined Activation of Methyl Paraben by Light Irradiation and Esterase Metabolism toward Oxidative DNA Damage". Chemical Research in Toxicology 21 (8): 1594–9. doi:10.1021/tx800066u. PMID 18656963.

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methylparaben