WordNet

(optics) a lens that is concave on one side and convex on the other
(physics) the curved upper surface of a nonturbulent liquid in a vertical tube
(anatomy) a disk of cartilage that serves as a cushion between the ends of bones that meet at a joint (同)semilunar_cartilage

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〈C〉三日月形の物体 / 〈C〉凹凸(おうとつ)レンズ / 〈U〉(器の中の液体の表面の)凸面,凹面

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/28 05:33:25」(JST)

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A: The bottom of a concave meniscus.

B: The top of a convex meniscus.

The meniscus (plural: menisci, from the Greek for "crescent") is the curve in the upper surface of a liquid close to the surface of the container or another object, caused by surface tension. It can be either convex or concave, depending on the liquid and the surface.

A convex meniscus occurs when the particles in the liquid have a stronger attraction to each other (cohesion) than to the material of the container (adhesion).^[1] Convex menisci occur, for example, between mercury and glass in barometers^[1] and thermometers. Conversely, a concave meniscus occurs when the particles of the liquid are more strongly attracted to the container than to each other, causing the liquid to climb the walls of the container. This occurs between water and glass.

The meniscus and measurement

A meniscus as seen in a burette of colored water. '20.00 mL' is the correct depth measurement.

When reading a depth scale on the side of an instrument filled with liquid, the meniscus must be taken into account in order to obtain an accurate measurement. Depth must be measured with the meniscus at eye level (to eliminate parallax error) and at the center of the meniscus, i.e. the top of a convex meniscus or the bottom of a concave meniscus.

Manufacturers of glassware and other tools calibrate their measurement marks to account for the meniscus. This means that any instrument is calibrated for a specific liquid, usually water.

Capillary action

Menisci are a manifestation of capillary action, by which surface adhesion pulls a liquid up to form a concave meniscus or internal cohesion pulls the liquid down to form a convex meniscus. This phenomenon is important in transpirational pull in plants. Honey, water, milk etc. have a lower meniscus. When a tube of a narrow bore, often called a capillary tube, is dipped into a liquid and the liquid wets the tube (with zero contact angle), the liquid surface inside the tube forms a concave meniscus, which is a virtually spherical surface having the same radius, r, as the inside of the tube. The tube experiences a downward force of magnitude 2πrdσ.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b Moore, John W.; Stanitski, Conrad L.; Jurs, Peter C. (2005). Chemistry: The Molecular Science. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. p. 290.

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English Journal

Elasticity of liquid marbles.

Asare-Asher S1, Connor JN1, Sedev R2.
Journal of colloid and interface science.J Colloid Interface Sci.2015 Jul 1;449:341-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.01.067. Epub 2015 Feb 7.
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PMID 25698501

Meniscal biomechanical alterations in an ACLT rabbit model of early osteoarthritis.

Levillain A1, Boulocher C2, Kaderli S3, Viguier E2, Hannouche D4, Hoc T5, Magoariec H1.
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PMID 25725391

Mapping surface tension induced menisci with application to tensiometry and refractometry.

Mishra A1, Kulkarni V, Khor JW, Wereley S.
Soft matter.Soft Matter.2015 Jun 24. [Epub ahead of print]
In this work, we discuss an optical method for measuring surface tension induced menisci. The principle of measurement is based upon the change in the background pattern produced by the curvature of the meniscus acting as a lens. We measure the meniscus profile over an inclined glass plate and utili
PMID 26106879

Japanese Journal

Determination of phase equilibria in confined systems by open pore cell Monte Carlo method.

Miyahara Minoru T,Tanaka Hideki
The Journal of chemical physics 138(8), 2013-02-28
… The most striking feature of our new method is that the confined system is steadily led to a thermodynamically stable state by forming concave menisci in the open pore cell. …
NAID 120005244240