膜ラフリング、膜ラッフリング

WordNet

a thin pliable sheet of material
a pliable sheet of tissue that covers or lines or connects the organs or cells of animals or plants (同)tissue layer

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(生物の)膜,皮膜

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/11/29 00:54:45」(JST)

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Membrane ruffling (also known as cell ruffling) is the formation of a motile cell surface that contains a meshwork of newly polymerized actin filaments. It can also be regarded as one of the earliest structural changes observed in the cell. The GTP-binding protein Rac is the regulator of this membrane ruffling. Changes in the Polyphosphoinositide metabolism and changes in Ca²⁺ level of the cell may also play an important role. A number of actin-binding and organizing proteins localize to membrane ruffles and potentially target to transducing molecules.

Characteristic feature of migrating cells

Membrane ruffling is a characteristic feature of many actively migrating cells. When the membrane is unable to attach to the substrate, the membrane protrusion is recycled back into the cell. The ruffling of membranes is thought to be controlled by a group of enzymes known as Rho GTPases, specifically RhoA, Rac1 and cdc42.

Bacterial infection

Some bacteria such as enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli can induce membrane ruffling by secreting toxins via the type three secretion system and modifying the host cytoskeleton. Such toxins include EspT, Map, and SopE, which mimic RhoGEF and activate endogenous Rho GTPases to manipulate actin polymerisation in the infected cell.^[1]

References

^ Bulgin, Richard; Arbeloa, Ana; Goulding, David; Dougan, Gordon; Crepin, Valerie F.; Raymond, Benoit; Frankel, Gad (11 December 2009). "The T3SS Effector EspT Defines a New Category of Invasive Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) Which Form Intracellular Actin Pedestals". PLOS Pathogens. 5 (12): e1000683. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000683. ISSN 1553-7374.

External links

http://www.reading.ac.uk/nitricoxide/intro/migration/dynamics.htm

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1. 血液-血液透析膜の相互作用に関与する生化学的機序 biochemical mechanisms involved in blood hemodialysis membrane interactions
2. 赤血球細胞膜の動態および機構 red blood cell membrane dynamics and organization
3. ライソゾーム膜蛋白質2欠損症（糖原病IIb型、ダノン病） lysosome associated membrane protein 2 deficiency glycogen storage disease iib danon disease
4. 補体系の制御因子および受容体 regulators and receptors of the complement system
5. 血液透析膜の生体適合性についての臨床結果 clinical consequences of hemodialysis membrane biocompatibility

English Journal

Gliotoxin Suppresses Macrophage Immune Function by Subverting Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate Homeostasis.

Schlam D1, Canton J2, Carreño M2, Kopinski H2, Freeman SA2, Grinstein S3, Fairn GD4.
mBio.MBio.2016 Apr 5;7(2). pii: e02242-15. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02242-15.
Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, spreads in the environment by releasing numerous conidia that are capable of reaching the small alveolar airways of mammalian hosts. In otherwise healthy individuals, macrophages are responsible for rapidly phagocytosing and eliminating these
PMID 27048806

The mechanisms of substance P-mediated migration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell-like ST2 cells.

Dubon MJ1, Park KS2.
International journal of molecular medicine.Int J Mol Med.2016 Apr;37(4):1105-11. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2496. Epub 2016 Feb 19.
Substance P (SP) is known to induce the mobilization of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and thus participates in wound repair. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the SP-mediated migration of BM-MSCs were not fully understood. In the present study,
PMID 26936322

Imaging approaches for analysis of cholesterol distribution and dynamics in the plasma membrane.

Wüstner D1, Modzel M2, Lund FW3, Lomholt MA4.
Chemistry and physics of lipids.Chem Phys Lipids.2016 Mar 22. pii: S0009-3084(16)30035-4. doi: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.03.003. [Epub ahead of print]
Cholesterol is an important lipid component of the plasma membrane (PM) of mammalian cells, where it is involved in control of many physiological processes, such as endocytosis, cell migration, cell signaling and surface ruffling. In an attempt to explain these functions of cholesterol, several mode
PMID 27016337

Japanese Journal

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species accelerate gastric cancer cell invasion

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Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 54(1), 12-17, 2014
… The relation between reactive oxygen species and tumor invasion is mainly reported that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in the cell membrane is a reactive oxygen species producer for formulating an invadopodia. … cellular ruffling frequencies, wound healing assay to evaluate horizontal cellular migration, and invasion assay using matrigel to analyze vertical cellular migration. …
NAID 130004466736