meanness

　 　

WordNet

1. extreme stinginess (同)minginess, niggardliness, niggardness, parsimony, parsimoniousness, tightness, tightfistedness, closeness

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉不親切,意地悪;(生まれ・社会的地位などの)卑しさ / 〈C〉卑劣な行為

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/18 16:56:58」(JST)

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"Cruel" redirects here. For other uses, see Cruel (disambiguation).

An old poster depicting cruelty, including selling slaves in Algiers, execution, burning, and other cruelties.

Cruelty is indifference to suffering, and even pleasure in inflicting it. Sadism can also be related to this form of action or concept.

Cruel ways of inflicting suffering may involve violence, but affirmative violence is not necessary for an act to be cruel. For example, if a person is drowning and begging for help, and another person is able to help, but merely watches with disinterest or perhaps mischievous amusement, that person is being cruel — rather than violent.

George Eliot stated that "cruelty, like every other vice, requires no motive outside of itself; it only requires opportunity." Bertrand Russell stated that "the infliction of cruelty with a good conscience is a delight to moralists. That is why they invented Hell." Gilbert K. Chesterton stated that "cruelty is, perhaps, the worst kind of sin. Intellectual cruelty is certainly the worst kind of cruelty."

Usage in law

The term cruelty is often used in law and criminology with regard to the treatment of animals, children, spouses, and prisoners. When cruelty to animals is discussed, it often refers to unnecessary suffering. In criminal law, it refers to punishment, torture, victimization, draconian measures, and cruel and unusual punishment. In divorce cases, many jurisdictions permit a cause of action for cruel and inhumane treatment.

In law, cruelty is "the infliction of physical or mental distress, especially when considered a determinant in granting a divorce."

In consumer products

Cruelty Free International certifies the Humane Cosmetics, Household Products, Retailer and Purchaser Standards signified by the Leaping Bunny Mark trademark. Cruelty Free International was founded by the BUAV and is dedicated to ending animal testing for consumer products worldwide. In 1963, Beauty Without Cruelty was founded in England by the trustees of BWC Charitable Trust, an animal welfare organization. Its goal was to manufacture and distribute natural, color cosmetics that were NOT tested on animals (as was the norm) and did NOT contain any animal ingredients. In 1989, Beauty Without Cruelty was introduced in the United States. It offers a full line of cruelty-free, vegetarian skin, body, and hair care products made with the finest natural ingredients and aroma-therapeutic essential oils and a full line of colour cosmetics.

In sexuality

In a sexual context, sadomasochism is the giving and/or receiving of pleasure—often sexual—from acts involving the infliction or reception of pain or humiliation. A subset of BDSM, practitioners of sadomasochism usually seek out sexual gratification from these acts, but often seek out other forms of pleasure as well. While the terms sadist and masochist specifically refer to one who either enjoys giving pain (sadist), or one who enjoys receiving pain (masochist), many practitioners of sadomasochism describe themselves as at least somewhat of a switch, or someone who can receive pleasure from either inflicting or receiving pain.

Etymology

The term comes from Middle English, via the Old French term "crualte", which is based on Latin "crudelitas", from "crudelis".

See also

• Cruelty to animals
• Theatre of Cruelty
• Schadenfreude
• Sadism
• The Four Stages of Cruelty

References

• Simon Baron-Cohen, The Science of Evil: On Empathy and the Origins of Cruelty, Basic Books, 2011. Reviewed in The Montreal Review
• Susan Sontag, Regarding the Pain of Others, 2003.

Notes

External links

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 平均赤血球容積 mean corpuscular volume
• 2. 自動血液分析装置 automated hematology instrumentation
• 3. 貧血を有する成人患者に対するアプローチ approach to the adult patient with anemia
• 4. 貧血を有する小児に対するアプローチ approach to the child with anemia
• 5. 鎌状細胞貧血における臨床的ばらつき clinical variability in sickle cell anemia

English Journal

• An Examination of the Triarchic Conceptualization of Psychopathy in Incarcerated and Nonincarcerated Samples.

• Sellbom M, Phillips TR.AbstractThe current study tested hypotheses associated with the triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy (Patrick, 2010b; Patrick, Fowles, & Krueger, 2009), which describes three distinctive, albeit related, phenotypic domains-boldness, meanness, and disinhibition. We used two samples consisting of 209 female prison inmates and 627 undergraduate students whom had been administered a range of psychopathy and psychopathy-relevant measures. Our results indicated that the triarchic domains explained variance in other psychopathy models to degrees consistent with conceptual expectations. We also examined associations between the triarchic domains and personality traits relevant to psychopathy in the female correctional sample. The results showed that boldness was preferentially associated with narcissism, thrill/adventure seeking, and low behavioral inhibition system functioning; meanness with Machiavellianism, low empathy, and low behavioral inhibition system; and disinhibition with impulsivity and fun seeking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).
• Journal of abnormal psychology.J Abnorm Psychol.2012 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print]
• The current study tested hypotheses associated with the triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy (Patrick, 2010b; Patrick, Fowles, & Krueger, 2009), which describes three distinctive, albeit related, phenotypic domains-boldness, meanness, and disinhibition. We used two samples consisting of 20
• PMID 22867118

• An Examination of the Association Between Psychopathy and Dissimulation Using the MMPI-2-RF Validity Scales.

• Marion BE, Sellbom M, Salekin RT, Toomey JA, Kucharski LT, Duncan S.AbstractThis investigation sought to determine whether individuals high on psychopathic traits are better able than those low on such traits to avoid detection when feigning psychopathology in the context of a forensic psychological evaluation. Study 1 tested whether individuals high on psychopathy were better able than those low on psychopathy to avoid detection by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2-Restructured Form's (MMPI-2-RF; Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Tellegen, A., 2008, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form: Manual for administration, scoring and interpretation, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.) overreporting (F-r, Fp-r) and underreporting (L-r and K-r) validity scales, when undergraduate students were asked to feign good, feign bad, or respond honestly. Study 2 aimed to replicate and extend the overreporting (F-r and Fp-r) analyses in a forensic pretrial sample, in which individuals were classified as malingering or not malingering using the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS; Rogers, R., Bagby, R. M., & Dickens, S. E., 1992, Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms. Tampa, FL, Psychological Assessment Resources.). Combined results indicated that psychopathy did not affect the utility of the MMPI-2-RF validity scales in detecting overreporting. The underreporting analyses indicated that psychopathy did not affect the utility of L-r; however, callous-aggressive (or "meanness") psychopathy traits moderated the utility of K-r in detecting those feigning psychological adjustment, such that K-r was better able to detect individuals high on, rather than low on, psychopathy when underreporting. These results are promising in terms of evidence that individuals high on psychopathic traits are not any better than individuals low on these traits in feigning during psychological evaluations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).
• Law and human behavior.Law Hum Behav.2012 Jul 16. [Epub ahead of print]
• This investigation sought to determine whether individuals high on psychopathic traits are better able than those low on such traits to avoid detection when feigning psychopathology in the context of a forensic psychological evaluation. Study 1 tested whether individuals high on psychopathy were bet
• PMID 22799603

• The Psychometric Properties of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in an Undergraduate Sample.

• Kimonis ER, Branch J, Hagman B, Graham N, Miller C.AbstractIn the present study, the psychometric properties and factor structure of the 24-item Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) were tested in a sample of 687 college students. Results support a similar 3-factor structure to that identified in samples of youths, in whom this measure was previously validated. Correlations with external variables support the convergent and discriminant validity of the ICU total score and Uncaring and Callousness factor scores. The ICU was moderately to strongly correlated with the total score and the Coldheartedness and Self-Centered Impulsivity factors of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised, and the total score of Levenson's Self-Report Psychopathy Scale, and also predicted incremental variance in several external variables beyond these existing self-report psychopathy measures. Together, these findings suggest that with a few modifications, the ICU may hold promise as a brief self-report measure for assessing traits reflecting callousness and "meanness" in adults. High scores identified college students who tended to show antisocial tendencies consistent with diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder, while also exhibiting low levels of empathy. Recommendations for future research with the ICU are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).
• Psychological assessment.Psychol Assess.2012 Jul 9. [Epub ahead of print]
• In the present study, the psychometric properties and factor structure of the 24-item Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) were tested in a sample of 687 college students. Results support a similar 3-factor structure to that identified in samples of youths, in whom this measure was previous
• PMID 22775408

Japanese Journal

• "I love him for his sake" : All's Well That Ends WellにおけるParollesの役割

• 村上 世津子
• 新潟工科大学研究紀要 11, 95-109, 2006-12-25
• … When he is forced to face his meanness, however, he asks Helena's forgiveness. …
• NAID 110006448376

• ロバート・ブラウニング『指輪と本』第11巻「グイド」 : 責任転嫁の醜相

• 黒羽 茂子
• 紀要visio : research reports 27, 107-119, 2000-07
• NAID 110000075625

• ジェイムズ・ジョイスと日本近代小説(二) : 『ユリシーズ』と『鳴海仙吉』

• 北條 文緒
• 東京女子大學附屬比較文化研究所紀要 42, 52-70, 1981
• … ITOH's story is, in a more naive way, the author's confession of the meanness and ugliness of his own self, whereas "The Sisters" is more elaborately fabricated in order to fix the moment of "epiphany" by means of words. …
• NAID 110007187623

Related Links

• meanness - definition of meanness by the Free Online Dictionary ...

The state of being inferior in quality, character, or value; commonness. 2. The quality or state of being selfish or stingy. 3. A spiteful or malicious act. Thesaurus Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms. Noun, 1. meanness - the quality of ...

• Meanness | Define Meanness at Dictionary.com

Meanness definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation , synonyms and translation. Look it up now!

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