WordNet

relating to or derived from ones mother; "maternal genes"
characteristic of a mother; "warm maternal affection for her guest"- Dorothy Sayers
the kinship relation between an offspring and the mother (同)maternity
in a maternal manner; as a mother; "she loved her students almost maternally" (同)motherly

PrepTutorEJDIC

母らしい;母の / 母方の
母であること,母性;母権 / 《集合的に》母
母であること;母性;母らしさ / 産婦の[ための],出産の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/04/27 00:47:07」(JST)

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A mother holds up her child.

The maternal bond (or motherly bond) is typically the relationship between a mother and her child.

While it typically occurs due to pregnancy and childbirth, it may also occur between a woman and an unrelated child, such as in adoption. There are hundreds of potential factors, both physical and emotional, which can influence the mother-child bonding process.

Many new mothers do not always experience the "instantly-in-mother-love" emotions. Bonding is a gradually unfolding experience that can take hours, days, weeks, or even months to develop.

Pregnancy

The maternal bond between a human female and her biological child usually begins to develop during pregnancy, with her normally adapting her lifestyle to suit the needs of the developing infant. Beginning around 18 to 25 weeks, the mother also can feel the fetus moving, which can enhance bonding, as can seeing her baby during an ultrasound scan.

The developing fetus hears the mother's heartbeat and voice and may respond to touch or movement. By the seventh month of pregnancy, two-thirds of women may report a strong maternal bond.^[1]

Mothers who did not want the pregnancy typically have a lower quality relationship with the child.^[2] They are also more likely to suffer from post-partum depression or other mental health problems, and less likely to breast-feed the infant.^[2]

Childbirth

The process of childbirth ideally greatly adds to this bond - though that is not always the case, as every birth and every mother is unique. Situational factors may include a traumatic birth, the pregnant woman's own mother's parenting style, experienced stress, social support, and the influence of her spouse.

The emotional bonding theory first appeared in the mid-1970s, and by the 1980s bonding had become an accepted maternity term, after which the process became analysed and scrutinised to the point of creating another term - poor bonding.^{[citation needed]}

Breastfeeding

Production of oxytocin during lactation increases parasympathetic activity, thus reducing anxiety and theoretically fostering bonding, so it is generally understood that maternal oxytocin circulation can predispose women to form bonds and show bonding behavior.^{[citation needed]}

Breastfeeding is also strongly believed to foster the early post-partum maternal bond, via touch, response, and mutual gazing.^[3]

Footnotes

^ Winkler J (2000). "[Development of the maternal bond during pregnancy]" (in Czech). Cas. Lek. Cesk. 139 (1): 5–8. PMID 10750284.
^ ^a ^b "Family Planning - Healthy People 2020". http://healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=13. Retrieved 2011-08-18. "Which cites:
- Logan C, Holcombe E, Manlove J, et al. (2007 May [cited 2009 Mar 3]). The consequences of unintended childbearing: A white paper. Washington: Child Trends, Inc.. http://www.childtrends.org/Files/Child_Trends-2007_05_01_FR_Consequences.pdf.
- "Unintended pregnancy and associated maternal preconception, prenatal and postpartum behaviors". Contraception 79 (3): 194-8. 2009 Mar.
- Kost K, Landry D, Darroch J. (1998 Mar–Apr). "Predicting maternal behaviors during pregnancy: Does intention status matter?". Fam Plann Perspectives 30 (2): 79-88.
- D’Angelo, D, Colley Gilbert B, Rochat R, et al. (2004 Sep–Oct). "Differences between mistimed and unwanted pregnancies among women who have live births.". Perspect Sex Reprod Health 36 (5): 192-7. "
^ Else-Quest, NM; Hyde JS; Clark, R (2003-10-01). "Breastfeeding, bonding, and the mother-infant relationship". Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3749/is_200310/ai_n9302754. Retrieved 2008-03-13.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

[Satisfaction with perinatal care in Vysočina region in the period between October 2013 and September 2014].

Takács L, Seidlerová JM, Smolík F, Hoskovcová S, Antonín P, Vařáková J, Valová A, Svoboda T, Dočkalová J.
Ceská gynekologie / Ceská lékarská spolecnost J. Ev. Purkyne.Ceska Gynekol.2016 Dec;80(6):426-35.
OBJECTIVE: To assess women's satisfaction with perinatal care provided in maternity hospitals in Vysočina region, to identify the areas with high satisfaction scores as well as those requiring improvement, and to describe the factors influencing women's satisfaction, i. e. dissatisfaction with the
PMID 26741157

[Cytological-energetic principle of the amniotic fluid examination on female patients with diagnosisof preterm premature rupture of membranes - up to now experiences and perspectives].

Müllerová K, Kelbich P, Švecová M.
Ceská gynekologie / Ceská lékarská spolecnost J. Ev. Purkyne.Ceska Gynekol.2016 Dec;80(6):414-20.
In our study we have dealt with the amniotic fluid examination on female patients with diagnosis of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). For one of the most important task in the feto-maternal medicine we consider the discovered method of amniotic fluid examination which is capable of the
PMID 26741155

Alexithymia and psychopathological symptoms in adolescent outpatients and mothers suffering from migraines: a case control study.

Cerutti R1, Valastro C1, Tarantino S2, Valeriani M2, Faedda N3, Spensieri V1, Guidetti V4.
The journal of headache and pain.J Headache Pain.2016 Dec;17(1):39. doi: 10.1186/s10194-016-0640-y. Epub 2016 Apr 19.
BACKGROUND: Headache is a common disorder affecting a growing number of children and adolescents. In recent years, there has been an increase in scientific interest in exploring the relationship between migraine and emotional regulation, and in particular, the impact of emotional dysregulation on me
PMID 27093870

The association between sugar-sweetened beverages and dental caries among third-grade students in Georgia.

Wilder JR1, Kaste LM1,2, Handler A3, Chapple-McGruder T4, Rankin KM1.
Journal of public health dentistry.J Public Health Dent.2016 Dec;76(1):76-84. doi: 10.1111/jphd.12116. Epub 2015 Sep 4.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to examine the association between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and caries experience among Georgia third graders.METHODS: The 2010-2011 Georgia Third Grade Oral Health Study provided a school-based sample for analysis. Data were weighted to be r
PMID 26339945