WordNet
- kill a large number of people indiscriminately; "The Hutus massacred the Tutsis in Rwanda" (同)slaughter, mow down
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 大虐殺,皆殺し / …‘を'虐殺する,皆殺しにする
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/02 21:35:24」(JST)
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For a broader coverage related to this topic, see Mass murder.
The Chios Massacre refers to a famous incident during the Greek War of Independence in 1822.
[1]
Twenty-six republicans were assassinated by Franco's Nationalists at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, between August and September of 1936. This mass grave is placed at the small town named as Estépar, in Northern Spain. The excavation occurred in July–August of 2014.
The El Mozote massacre, El Salvador, 1981
A massacre is a specific incident which involves the deliberate slaughter of people, although a tight definition has never emerged.[2]
Contents
- 1 Origin and history of term
- 2 Definitions
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 Further reading
Origin and history of term
The first recorded use in English of the word massacre to label an event is Marlowe's (circa 1600), The massacre at Paris[3] (a reference to the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre). The word ultimately derives from Middle Low German *matskelen meaning to slaughter.
Massacre is also a verb that means to kill (people or, less commonly, animals) in numbers, especially brutally and indiscriminately. The first known use for this meaning was in 1588.[4]
The term is also used metaphorically for events that do not involve deaths, such as the Saturday Night Massacre—the dismissals and resignations of political appointees during Richard Nixon's Watergate scandal.
Definitions
Robert Melson's "basic working definition," reads, "by massacre we shall mean the intentional killing by political actors of a significant number of relatively defenseless people... the motives for massacre need not be rational in order for the killings to be intentional... Mass killings can be carried out for various reasons, including a response to false rumors... political massacre... should be distinguished from criminal or pathological mass killings... as political bodies we of course include the state and its agencies, but also nonstate actors..."[5]
Mark Levene defines massacre historically as involving the murder of more than one individual, within an outrageous moral deficiency: "Although it is not possible to set unalterable rules about when multiple murders become massacres. Equally important is that massacres are not carried out by individuals, but by groups... the use of superior, even overwhelming force..." Levene excludes "legal, or even some quasi-legal, mass executions." He also points out that it is "...most often ... when the act is outside the normal moral bounds of the society witnessing it... In any war ... this killing is often acceptable."[6]
See also
|
Look up massacre in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- List of events named massacres
- Mass murder
- Pogrom
- Disaster
- Tragedy (event)
- Genocide
- Ethnic cleansing
- Killing spree
- War crime
- Tragedy
References
- ^ Dadrian, Vahakn N. (1999). Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. p. 153. ISBN 1-56000-389-8.
- ^ Gallant, Thomas W. (2001). "review of Levene, Roberts The Massacre in History". Crime, History & Societies 5 (1).
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary Massacre, n.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary Massacre, v.
- ^ Melson, Robert (July 1982). "Theoretical Inquiry into the Armenian Massacres of 1894-1896". Comparative Studies in Society and History 24 (3): 482–3. doi:10.1017/s0010417500010100.
- ^ Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (1999-01-01). The Massacre in History. Berghahn Books. p. 90. ISBN 9781571819345.
Further reading
- Kenz, David El. "GLOSSARY TERM: Massacre". Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
- Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny, eds. (1999). The massacre in history (1. publ. ed.). Providence: Berghahn Book. ISBN 9781571819345.
English Journal
- The Fort Hood Massacre: Lessons learned from a high profile mass casualty.
- Wild J, Maher J, Frazee RC, Craun ML, Davis ML, Childs EW, Smith RW.SourceFrom the Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery (J.W., J.M., R.C.F., M.L.D., E.W.C., R.W.S.), Department of Surgery, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; and Division of Trauma Services (M.L.C.), Round Rock Medical Center, Round Rock, Texas.
- The journal of trauma and acute care surgery.J Trauma Acute Care Surg.2012 Jun;72(6):1709-13.
- BACKGROUND: On November 5, 2009, an army psychiatrist at Fort Hood in Killeen, TX, allegedly opened fire at the largest US military base in the world, killing 13 and wounding 32.METHODS: Data from debriefing sessions, news media, and area hospitals were reviewed.RESULTS: Ten patients were initially
- PMID 22695445
- The Mountain Meadows Massacre and "poisoned springs": scientific testing of the more recent, anthrax theory.
- Perego UA, Achilli A, Ekins JE, Milani L, Lari M, Pilli E, Brown A, Price EP, Wolken SR, Matthews M, Allen CA, Pearson TR, Angerhofer N, Caramelli D, Kupferschmid T, Keim PS, Woodward SR.SourceSorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation, 2480 South Main Street #200, Salt Lake City, UT, 84115, USA, ugo@smgf.org.
- International journal of legal medicine.Int J Legal Med.2012 Mar 7. [Epub ahead of print]
- It has been recorded that one of the possible causes that eventually escalated into the 1857 manslaughter at Mountain Meadows in Southern Utah was the poisoning of an open spring by the Fancher-Baker party as they crossed the Utah territory on their way from Arkansas to California. Historical accoun
- PMID 22395921
Japanese Journal
- 関東大震災時の中国人虐殺資料を読む : 中央研究院近代史研究所所蔵『日本震災惨殺華僑案』第四冊
- 関東大震災下における虐殺の記憶を継承するために : 東日本大震災・ヘイトスピーチ・関東大震災90周年を経て (3.11からの歴史学(その5))
- 小薗 崇明
- 歴史学研究 = The journal of historical studies (929), 43-48, 2015-03
- NAID 40020444276
- 関東大震災時の虐殺事件によるトラウマ的体験とそのゆくえ : 在日朝鮮人の口述資料を中心に
- 鄭 永寿
- Quadrante : Areas, cultures and positions = 四分儀 : 地域・文化・位置のための総合雑誌 : クァドランテ (17), 83-107, 2015-03
- NAID 40020439717
Related Links
- massacreとは。意味や和訳。[名]1 [C][U]大虐殺the Massacre of the Innocentsヘロデ王の幼児大虐殺the Massacre of St. Bartholomew聖バルテルミーの大虐殺.2 ((略式))完敗. [動](他)1 〈多数の人を〉無差別に殺す，虐殺する.2 ...
- Massacre definition, the unnecessary, indiscriminate killing of a large number of human beings or animals, as in barbarous warfare or persecution or for revenge or plunder. See more. Thesaurus Translate Puzzles & Games Blog ...
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