製造

関: make、manufacture

WordNet

undergo fabrication or creation; "This wool makes into a nice sweater"
give certain properties to something; "get someone mad"; "She made us look silly"; "He made a fool of himself at the meeting"; "Dont make this into a big deal"; "This invention will make you a millionaire"; "Make yourself clear" (同)get
put in order or neaten; "make the bed"; "make up a room" (同)make_up
eliminate urine; "Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug" (同)urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee, pee-pee, make water, relieve oneself, take a leak, spend a penny, wee, wee-wee, pass water
act in a certain way so as to acquire; "make friends"; "make enemies"
behave in a certain way; "make merry"
make or cause to be or to become; "make a mess in ones office"; "create a furor" (同)create
engage in; "make love, not war"; "make an effort"; "do research"; "do nothing"; "make revolution" (同)do
represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like; "She makes like an actress" (同)pretend, make believe
proceed along a path; "work ones way through the crowd"; "make ones way into the forest" (同)work
add up to; "four and four make eight"
amount to; "This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living"
appear to begin an activity; "He made to speak but said nothing in the end"; "She made as if to say hello to us"
assure the success of; "A good review by this critic will make your play!"
be or be capable of being changed or made into; "He makes a great host"; "He will make a fine father"
be suitable for; "Wood makes good furniture"
calculate as being; "I make the height about 100 feet"
carry out or commit; "make a mistake"; "commit a faux-pas"
cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable; "make my day"
change from one form into another; "make water into wine"; "make lead into gold"; "make clay into bricks"
compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way; "People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!"; "Heat makes you sweat"
consider as being; "It wasnt the problem some people made it"
constitute the essence of; "Clothes make the man"
develop into; "He will make a splendid father!"
favor the development of; "Practice makes the winner"
form by assembling individuals or constituents; "Make a quorum"
gather and light the materials for; "make a fire"
make by shaping or bringing together constituents; "make a dress"; "make a cake"; "make a wall of stones"
perform or carry out; "make a decision"; "make a move"; "make advances"; "make a phone call"
reach in time; "We barely made the plane"
produce naturally; "this gland manufactures a specific substance only"
put together out of artificial or natural components or parts; "the company fabricates plastic chairs"; "They manufacture small toys"; He manufactured a popular cereal" (同)fabricate, construct
create or produce in a mechanical way; "This novelist has been manufacturing his books following his initial success"

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『作る』,製造する,建造する / …‘を'『整える』,用意する / …‘を'生じさせる,もたらす,引き起こす / 〈金など〉‘を'得る,もうける,〈財産など〉‘を'作る / 《行為・動作を表す名詞を目的語にして》…‘を'『する』,行う / (ある状態・形態に)…‘を'『する』 / 《『make』+『名』+do》〈人・動物など〉‘に'強制して(…)させる / …‘を'判断する,解釈する,思う / …‘を'構成する,(計算・合計が)…‘に'なる / …‘に'『なる』,‘と'なる,‘の'資格(素質)がある / 《話》〈ある距離〉‘を'行く,〈ある速さ〉‘で'進む / 〈目的地など〉‘に'到着する,着く / 〈会社・集会など〉‘に'間に合う;《話》〈乗物〉‘に'間に合う / 〈人・企画〉‘を'成功させる,‘の'成功(幸運,出世)を確実にする / 《話》…‘の'一員になる / (ある状態・形態に)なる,ふるまう / (…の方へ)進む,向かう《+『for』(『to, toward』)+『名』) / 《まれ》《副詞[句]の伴って》作られる,できる / 《まれ》《副詞を伴って》〈かさなどが〉増す,〈雪が〉積もる / 作り,型;製造;種類,銘柄 / 性格,気質;体つき
〈U〉(工場における大規模の)『製造』,製作;製造工業;(一般に)作ること,製造 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》『製品』 / (工場で大規模に)(…から)…‘を'製造する,製作する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / …‘を'加工する,製品化する / 〈話・口実など〉‘を'でっち上げる

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/12/19 10:58:10」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Manufacturing is the value added production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such finished goods may be sold to other manufacturers for the production of other, more complex products, such as aircraft, household appliances or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who then sell them to end users and consumers.

Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product. The manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These materials are then modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part.

Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems. In a free market economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more frequently directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In mixed market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation.

Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead.

The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, and Precision Castparts. Examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Sony, Huawei, Lenovo, Toyota, Samsung, and Bridgestone.

1 History and development
- 1.1 Manufacturing systems: changes in methods of manufacturing
2 Industrial policy
- 2.1 Economics of manufacturing
- 2.2 Manufacturing and investment
3 Countries by manufacturing output using the most recent known data
4 Manufacturing processes
5 Theories
6 Control
7 References
8 Sources
9 External links

History and development

Finished regenerative thermal oxidizer at manufacturing plant

Assembly of Section 41 of a Boeing 787 Dreamliner

An industrial worker amidst heavy steel semi-products (KINEX BEARINGS, Bytča, Slovakia, c. 1995–2000)

A modern automobile assembly line

In its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants. Training was by apprenticeship. In much of the pre-industrial world, the guild system protected the privileges and trade secrets of urban artisans.
Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, where household-based manufacturing served as a supplemental subsistence strategy to agriculture (and continues to do so in places). Entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system.
Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with specialized equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second firm.

Manufacturing systems: changes in methods of manufacturing

Manufacturing Engineering
Agile manufacturing
American system of manufacturing
British factory system of manufacturing
Craft or guild system
Fabrication
Flexible manufacturing
Just-in-time manufacturing
Lean manufacturing
Mass customization (2000s) - 3D printing, design-your-own web sites for sneakers, fast fashion
Mass production
Ownership
Packaging and labeling
Prefabrication
Putting-out system
Rapid manufacturing
Reconfigurable manufacturing system
Soviet collectivism in manufacturing

Industrial policy

Economics of manufacturing

According to some economists, manufacturing is a wealth-producing sector of a country, whereas a service sector tends to be wealth-consuming.^[1]^[2] Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States. Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense.

On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs. The clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks. These costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis, and eliminating harmful chemicals.^[3] The increased use of technologies such as 3D printing also offer the potential to reduce the environmental impact of producing finished goods through distributed manufacturing.^[4]

The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally. Developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the environmental costs of manufacturing activities. Labor unions and craft guilds have played a historic role in the negotiation of worker rights and wages. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world. Tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing. These are significant dynamics in the ongoing process, occurring over the last few decades, of manufacture-based industries relocating operations to "developing-world" economies where the costs of production are significantly lower than in "developed-world" economies.

Manufacturing and investment

Capacity utilization in manufacturing in the FRG and in the USA

Surveys and analyses of trends and issues in manufacturing and investment around the world focus on such things as:

The nature and sources of the considerable variations that occur cross-nationally in levels of manufacturing and wider industrial-economic growth;
Competitiveness; and
Attractiveness to foreign direct investors.

In addition to general overviews, researchers have examined the features and factors affecting particular key aspects of manufacturing development. They have compared production and investment in a range of Western and non-Western countries and presented case studies of growth and performance in important individual industries and market-economic sectors.^[5]^[6]

On June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the United States to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand.^[7] Further, while U.S. manufacturing performs well compared to the rest of the U.S. economy, research shows that it performs poorly compared to manufacturing in other high-wage countries.^[8] A total of 3.2 million – one in six U.S. manufacturing jobs – have disappeared between 2000 and 2007.^[9] In the UK, EEF the manufacturers organisation has led calls for the UK economy to be rebalanced to rely less on financial services and has actively promoted the manufacturing agenda.

Countries by manufacturing output using the most recent known data

List of top 20 manufacturing countries by total value of manufacturing in US dollars for its noted year according to Worldbank.^[10]^[11]

Rank	Country/Region	Millions of $US	Year
	World	12,578,627	2014
1	China	3,713,300	2014
9999999	European Union	7006256607000000000♠2,566,070	2014
2	United States	2,068,080	2014
9999999	Eurozone	7006194685700000000♠1,946,857	2014
3	Japan	850,902	2014
4	Germany	787,503	2014
5	South Korea	389,582	2014
6	India	321,721	2014
7	Italy	296,611	2014
8	France	283,664	2014
9	United Kingdom	282,675	2014
10	Russia	248,481	2014
11	Brazil	218,799	2014
12	Mexico	216,773	2014
13	Indonesia	186,744	2014
14	Spain	166,594	2014
15	Canada	162,074	2014
16	Switzerland	128,881	2014
17	Turkey	126,365	2014
18	Thailand	112,214	2014
19	Netherlands	95,683	2014
20	Australia	93,461	2016

Manufacturing processes

List of manufacturing processes
Manufacturing Process Management

Theories

Taylorism/Scientific management
Fordism

Control

Management
- List of management topics
- Total Quality Management
Quality control
- Six Sigma

Outline of manufacturing

List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue
Industrial robot
Manufacturing engineering
Industrial engineering
Advanced manufacturing
Metal fabrication
Microfabrication
Optics fabrication
Semiconductor device fabrication
Biomanufacturing
Mesoscale Manufacturing
Cyber manufacturing

References

^ Friedman, David (2006). "No Light at the End of the Tunnel". Los Angeles Times. New America Foundation. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
^ Joseph, Keith (1976). "Monetarism Is Not Enough". Center for Policy Studies. Margaret Thatcher Foundation. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
^ For example, entire academic journals such as The Journal of Cleaner Production and The Journal of Industrial Ecology dedicated to reducing environmental impact of manufacturing.
^ Megan Kreiger and Joshua M. Pearce (2013). Environmental Life Cycle Analysis of Distributed 3-D Printing and Conventional Manufacturing of Polymer Products, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, DOI: 10.1021/sc400093k Open access.
^ Manufacturing & Investment Around The World: An International Survey Of Factors Affecting Growth & Performance, ISR Publications/Google Books, revised second edition, 2002. ISBN 978-0-906321-25-6.
^ Research, Industrial Systems (2002-05-20). "Manufacturing and Investment Around the World: An International Survey of Factors Affecting Growth and Performance". ISBN 978-0-906321-25-6.
^ Bailey, David and Soyoung Kim (June 26, 2009).GE's Immelt says U.S. economy needs industrial renewal. UK Guardian. Retrieved on June 28, 2009.
^ Brookings Institution, Why Does Manufacturing Matter? Which Manufacturing Matters?, February 2012
^ "Factory jobs: 3 million lost since 2000". USATODAY.com. April 20, 2007.
^ "Manufacturing, value added (current US$)". access in February 20, 2013.
^ "Manufacturing, value added (current US$) for EU and Eurozone". access in February 20, 2013.

Sources

Kalpakjian, Serope; Steven Schmid (August 2005). Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology. Prentice Hall. pp. 22–36, 951–988. ISBN 0-13-148965-8.

External links

Cato Institute article: Thriving in a Global Economy: The Truth about U.S. Manufacturing and Trade
How Everyday Things Are Made: video presentations.Alina
Time magazine article on American manufacturing's global effectiveness
Grant Thornton IBR 2008 Manufacturing industry focus
MFGWatch - Quarterly Survey of North American Manufacturers
EEF, the manufacturers' organisation - industry group representing uk manufacturers
Industry Today - Industrial and Manufacturing Methodologies
Enabling the Digital Thread for Smart Manufacturing

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