出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/07/14 16:47:01」(JST)
Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such finished goods may be sold to other manufacturers for the production of other, more complex products, such as aircraft, household appliances, furniture, sports equipment or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who then sell them to end users and consumers.
Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product. The manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These materials are then modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part.
Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required in the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead.
The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, and Precision Castparts. Examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, FCA and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Toyota, Yamaha, Panasonic, Mitsubishi, LG, Samsung and Tata Motors.
Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States. Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense.
On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs. The clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks. These costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis, and eliminating harmful chemicals.
The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally. Developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the environmental costs of manufacturing activities. Labor unions and craft guilds have played a historic role in the negotiation of worker rights and wages. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world. Tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing. These are significant dynamics in the ongoing process, occurring over the last few decades, of manufacture-based industries relocating operations to "developing-world" economies where the costs of production are significantly lower than in "developed-world" economies.
Surveys and analyses of trends and issues in manufacturing and investment around the world focus on such things as:
In addition to general overviews, researchers have examined the features and factors affecting particular key aspects of manufacturing development. They have compared production and investment in a range of Western and non-Western countries and presented case studies of growth and performance in important individual industries and market-economic sectors.[1][2]
On June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the United States to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand.[3] Further, while U.S. manufacturing performs well compared to the rest of the U.S. economy, research shows that it performs poorly compared to manufacturing in other high-wage countries.[4] A total of 3.2 million – one in six U.S. manufacturing jobs – have disappeared between 2000 and 2007.[5] In the UK, EEF the manufacturers organisation has led calls for the UK economy to be rebalanced to rely less on financial services and has actively promoted the manufacturing agenda.
List of top 20 manufacturing countries by total value of manufacturing in US dollars for its noted year according to Worldbank.[6][7]
| Rank | Country/Region | Millions of $US | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| World | 12,578,627 | 2014 | |
| 1 | China | 3,713,300 | 2014 |
| 9999999 | European Union | 7006256607000000000♠2,566,070 | 2014 |
| 2 | United States | 2,068,080 | 2014 |
| 9999999 | Eurozone | 7006194685700000000♠1,946,857 | 2014 |
| 3 | Japan | 850,902 | 2014 |
| 4 | Germany | 787,503 | 2014 |
| 5 | South Korea | 389,582 | 2014 |
| 6 | India | 321,721 | 2014 |
| 7 | Italy | 296,611 | 2014 |
| 8 | France | 283,664 | 2014 |
| 9 | United Kingdom | 282,675 | 2014 |
| 10 | Russia | 248,481 | 2014 |
| 11 | Brazil | 218,799 | 2014 |
| 12 | Mexico | 216,773 | 2014 |
| 13 | Indonesia | 186,744 | 2014 |
| 14 | Spain | 166,594 | 2014 |
| 15 | Canada | 162,074 | 2014 |
| 16 | Switzerland | 128,881 | 2014 |
| 17 | Turkey | 126,365 | 2014 |
| 18 | Thailand | 112,214 | 2014 |
| 19 | Netherlands | 95,683 | 2014 |
| 20 | Australia | 93,461 | 2016 |
| Look up manufacturing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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| リンク元 | 「make」「produce」「production」「製作」「create」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「manufacturer」 |
| 関連記事 | 「manufacturing」 |