WordNet

dangerous to health; characterized by progressive and uncontrolled growth (especially of a tumor)
in a malignant manner, as of a tumor that spreads

PrepTutorEJDIC

悪意のある,敵意のある / (病気が)悪性の
破滅をもたらす,有害な

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/05 05:09:50」(JST)

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Malignancy (from Latin male, meaning "badly", and -gnus, meaning "born") is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse.

Malignancy is most familiar as a characterization of cancer. A malignant tumor contrasts with a non-cancerous benign tumor in that a malignancy is not self-limited in its growth, is capable of invading into adjacent tissues, and may be capable of spreading to distant tissues. A benign tumor has none of those properties.

Malignancy in cancers is characterized by anaplasia, invasiveness, and metastasis.^[1] Malignant tumors are also characterized by genome instability, so that cancers, as assessed by whole genome sequencing, frequently have between 10,000 and 100,000 mutations in their entire genomes.^[2] Cancers usually show tumour heterogeneity, containing multiple subclones.^[3]^[4] They also frequently have reduced expression of DNA repair enzymes due to epigenetic methylation of DNA repair genes or altered microRNAs that control DNA repair gene expression.

Uses of "malignant" in oncology:

Malignancy, malignant neoplasm and malignant tumor are synonymous with cancer
Malignant ascites
Malignant transformation

Non-oncologic disorders referred to as "malignant":

Malignant hypertension
Malignant hyperthermia
Malignant otitis externa
Malignant tertian malaria (malaria caused specifically by Plasmodium falciparum)
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

References

^ Wilkins, E. M. 2009. clinical practice of the dental hygienist tenth edition. lippincott williams and wilkins, a walters kluwer business. Philadelphia, PA.
^ Tuna M, Amos CI (November 2013). "Genomic sequencing in cancer". Cancer Lett. 340 (2): 161–70. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.004. PMID 23178448.
^ Swanton C (October 2012). "Intratumor heterogeneity: evolution through space and time". Cancer Res. 72 (19): 4875–82. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2217. PMC 3712191. PMID 23002210.
^ Sabaawy HE (November 2013). "Genetic Heterogeneity and Clonal Evolution of Tumor Cells and their Impact on Precision Cancer Medicine". J Leuk (Los Angel) 1 (4): 1000124. doi:10.4172/2329-6917.1000124. PMC 3927925. PMID 24558642.

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English Journal

Cell surface glycan-lectin interactions in tumor metastasis.

Rambaruth ND, Dwek MV.SourceDepartment of Molecular and Applied Biosciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish St., London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom.
Acta histochemica.Acta Histochem.2011 Oct;113(6):591-600. Epub 2011 Apr 17.
The development of secondary cancers, metastases, requires that a multitude of events are completed in an ordered and sequential manner. This review focuses on the role of cell surface glycans and their binding partners in the metastatic process. A common feature of metastasis is that the steps requ
PMID 21501858

Diagnostic value of imprint cytology during image-guided core biopsy in improving breast health care.

Masood S, Feng D, Tutuncuoglu O, Fischer G, Bakhshandeh M, Bertholf RL, Wolfson D.SourceDepartment of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA. shahla.masood@jax.ufl.edu
Annals of clinical and laboratory science.Ann Clin Lab Sci.2011 Fall;41(1):8-13.
The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of imprint cytology (IC) of breast core biopsy under ultrasound guidance and to assess the value of a rapid on-site preliminary diagnosis of breast lesions. A total of 437 breast core needle biopsies under ultrasound guidance with touch imprint c
PMID 21325248

A retrospective chart review of evaluation of the cervical lymphadenopathies in children.

Citak EC, Koku N, Demirci M, Tanyeri B, Deniz H.SourceGaziantep Children Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sehitkamil, Gaziantep, Turkey. caglarcitak@yahoo.com
Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2011 Oct;38(5):618-21. Epub 2011 Feb 21.
OBJECTIVE: Cervical lymphadenopathy is a common finding of physical examination in childhood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the etiology and treatment of cervical lymphadenopathy in children.METHODS: Two hundred eighty two patients' chart reviewed retrospectively who were referred to the Ped
PMID 21334837

Japanese Journal

Successful Treatment of Cardiac Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma : A Report of Two Cases

Kumazaki Setsuo,Izawa Atsushi,Minamisawa Masatoshi,Ishida Fumihiro,Sano Kenji,Uehara Takeshi,Kasai Hiroki,Tomita Takeshi,Miyashita Yusuke,Koyama Jun,Ikeda Uich
信州医学雑誌 59(3), 177-183, 2011-06-10
Cardiac lymphoma is a rare neoplasm of the heart,defined as an extranodal lymphoma exclusively located in the heart and/or pericardium. Multiple imaging modalities may help to diagnose cardiac tumors …
NAID 120003088110

Intracystic Papillary Carcinoma of Breast Harbors Significant Genomic Alteration Compared with Intracystic Papilloma: Genome-wide Copy Number and LOH Analysis Using High-Density Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Microarrays.

Oikawa Masahiro,Nagayasu Takeshi,Yano Hiroshi,Hayashi Tomayoshi,Abe Kuniko,Kinoshita Akira,Yoshiura Koh-Ichiro
The Breast Journal -(-), -, 2011-06-09
… Conclusions: Among intracystic papillary breast tumors, malignant tumors, including non-invasive tumors, which are difficult to diagnose histopathologically, harbor significant genomic alteration. …
NAID 120003071915