出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/07/06 01:51:08」(JST)
Combination of | |
---|---|
Atovaquone | Antimalarial medication |
Proguanil | Antimalarial medication |
Clinical data | |
AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
Licence data | US FDA:link |
Pregnancy category |
|
Legal status |
|
Routes of administration |
Oral |
Identifiers | |
ATC code | P01BB51 |
PubChem | CID: 11954242 |
ChemSpider | 21230364 Y |
KEGG | D02472 N |
N (what is this?) (verify) |
The drug combination atovaquone/proguanil (INNs, trade names Malarone, Malanil) is an antimalarial medication used in both the treatment and prevention of malaria. Atovaquone alone is not indicated for treatment or prevention of malaria as monotherapy (i.e., without proguanil). Atovaquone/proguanil has been commercially available from GlaxoSmithKline since 2000, and its patent expired in 2013.[2]
A standard tablet of Malarone contains 100 mg of proguanil hydrochloride and 250 mg of atovaquone. A pediatric tablet contains 25 mg of proguanil hydrochloride and 62.5 mg of atovaquone.
The adult treatment dose is four standard tablets once a day for three days. In children, the drug is prescribed by body weight:
Malarone is not licensed for use in children weighing 10 kg or less. The pediatric tablets are not used in malaria treatment, but are used for prophylaxis.
Malarone is not normally used to treat severe malaria, when an injectable drug such as quinine is used instead.
Medical advice should always be taken before choosing a drug for malaria prevention. Because some strains of malaria are resistant, Malarone is not effective for malaria prevention in all parts of the world. It must be taken with a fatty meal or at least some milk to be absorbed adequately, and to avoid painful stomach irritation which proguanil frequently causes when taken without food. Also, stomach irritation may occur if one lies down within a half hour after taking this medicine.
The adult dose is one standard tablet daily starting one or two days before traveling into a malaria-endemic area, and continuing throughout the stay and then for another seven days after returning from the area.
The child dose is prescribed according to body weight:
The duration of treatment is the same as for adults.
Proguanil acts as a mitochondrial sensitiser and synergizes with atovaquone; also, a high natural frequency of cytochrome b mutants leads to a high failure rate if atovaquone is used alone to treat malaria. Specific mutations (Y268S, Y268C) have been shown to confer resistance in vivo,[3][4][5] but the other mechanisms of resistance remain unknown.[6]
Malarone is notable for having far fewer side effects than other, older malaria drugs. While some people experience side effects, such as coughing, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, loss of appetite, mouth sores, nausea, stomach pain, vomiting, or weakness, the majority have none or few of these.[7]
Atovaquone selectively inhibits the parasitic electron transport chain.
Proguanil, via its metabolite cycloguanil, functions as a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, halting parasitic deoxythymidilate synthesis.[8]
The combination of atovaquone and proguanil to treat malaria was patented by Glaxo Wellcome in 1999, and its patent protection expired in 2013.[2] Glenmark Generics had a generic formulation approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2011.[9] In February 2013, the United Kingdom High Court revoked Glaxo's patent on account of obviousness, clearing the way for generic versions to be sold there.[10]
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