For selling out, see Selling out § Music. For Other uses, see Mainstream (disambiguation).
Look up mainstream in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Mainstream is the prevalent current thought that is widespread.[1][2]
It includes all popular culture and media culture, typically disseminated by mass media. This word is sometimes used in a pejorative sense by subcultures who view ostensibly mainstream culture as not only exclusive but artistically and aesthetically inferior.[3]
It is to be distinguished from subcultures and countercultures, and at the opposite extreme are cult followings and fringe theories.
In the United States, mainline churches are sometimes referred to synonymously as "mainstream."[4][5]
Contents
1Education
2In the media
3In religion
4In science
5In sociology
6Etymology
7See also
8References
Education
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main article: Mainstreaming (education)
"Mainstreaming" is the practice of bringing disabled students into the “mainstream” of student life. Mainstreamed students attend some classes with typical students and other classes with students that have similar disabilities. Mainstreaming represents a midpoint between full inclusion (all students spend all day in the regular classroom) and dedicated, self-contained classrooms or special schools (disabled students are isolated with other disabled students).
In the media
Main articles: Mainstream media and Mass media
The labels "Mainstream media", or "mass media", are generally applied to print publications, such as newspapers and magazines that contain the highest readership among the public, and to radio formats and television stations that contain the highest viewing and listener audience, respectively. This is in contrast to various independent media, such as alternative media newspapers, specialized magazines in various organizations and corporations, and various electronic sources such as podcasts and blogs (though certain blogs are more mainstream than others given their association with a mainstream source).[6]
In religion
Mainstream Christianity is a term used to collectively refer to the common views of major denominations of Christianity (such as Orthodox Christianity, Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, and Protestantism) as opposed the particular tenets of other Christian denominations. The context is dependent on the particular issues addressed, but usually contrasts an orthodox majority view against a heterodox minority view. In the most common sense, "mainstream" refers to Nicene Christianity, that is the traditions which accept the Nicene Creed.[7][8]
Mainstream American Protestant churches[9] (also called "Mainline Protestant") are a group of Protestant churches in the United States that have stressed social justice and personal salvation,[10] and both politically and theologically, tend to be more liberal than non-mainstream Protestants. Mainstream Protestant churches share a common approach that often leads to collaboration in organizations such as the National Council of Churches,[11] and because of their involvement with the ecumenical movement, they are sometimes given the alternative label of "ecumenical Protestantism" (especially outside the United States).[12] While in 1970 the mainstream Protestant churches claimed most Protestants and more than 30 percent of the American population as members,[13] as of 2009[update] they are a minority among American Protestants, claiming approximately 15 percent of American adults.[14]
In science
Mainstream science is scientific inquiry in an established field of study that does not depart significantly from orthodox theories. In the philosophy of science, mainstream science is an area of scientific endeavor that has left the process of becoming established. New areas of scientific endeavor still in the process of becoming established are generally labelled protoscience or fringe science. A definition of mainstream in terms of protoscience and fringe science[15] can be understood from the following table:[16]
Systematized as scientific definition
Treated with scientific method
Attempts to be scientific or resembles science
Superstition
Pseudoscience
Protoscience
Fringe science
(Mainstream) science
By its standard practices of applying good scientific methods, mainstream is distinguished from pseudoscience as a demarcation problem and specific types of inquiry are debunked as junk science, cargo cult science, scientific misconduct, etc.
In sociology
Main article: Normality (behavior)
Mainstream pressure, through actions such as peer pressure, can force individuals to conform to the mores of the group (e.g., an obedience to the mandates of the peer group). Some, such as those of modern Hipster culture, have stated that they see mainstream as the antithesis of individuality.
According to sociologist G. William Domhoff, critiques of mainstream sociology and political science that suggest their allegiance to an elite few, such as the work of sociologists C. Wright Mills (especially his book The Power Elite) and Floyd Hunter, troubles mainstream sociologists, and mainstream sociology "often tries to dismiss power structure research as muckraking or mere investigative journalism" and downplays the notion of dominance by a power elite because of doubts about the ability of many business sectors to coordinate a unified program, while generally overlooking a policy-planning network that can perform this function.[17]
Etymology
The term mainstream refers to the main current of a river or stream. Its figurative use by Thomas Carlyle to indicating the prevailing taste or mode is attested at least as early as 1831,[18] even though one citation of this sense is found prior to Carlyle's, as early as 1599.[19]
See also
Collective consciousness
Culture industry § Mass culture
Public opinion
Media culture
Zeitgeist
References
^American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition (2011) (defining "mainstream" as "The prevailing current of thought, influence, or activity).
^American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition (2011) (defining "prevailing" as "Generally current; widespread...").
^Pysnakova, Michaela. "Understanding the Meaning of Consumption of Everyday Lives of 'Mainstream' Youth in the Czech Republic" in New Perspectives on Consumer Culture Theory and Research, p. 64 (Pavel Zahrádka and Renáta Sedláková eds. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013).
^Caldwell, John. "Faith in school: as mainstream churches continue to wrestle with homosexuality, some religious colleges are taking an increasingly welcoming attitude toward gay students", The Advocate Sept 2, 2003
^Baer, Hans A. "Black Mainstream Churches; Emancipatory or Accommodative Responses to Racism and Social Stratification in American Society?" Review of Religious Research Vol. 30, No. 2 (Dec., 1988), pp. 162-176
^Wallsten, K. (2007), Agenda Setting and the Blogosphere: An Analysis of the Relationship between Mainstream Media and Political Blogs. Review of Policy Research, 24: 567–587. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-1338.2007.00300.x
^"The Nicene Creed", Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911, The Nicene Creed is the profession of the Christian Faith common to the Catholic Church, to all the Eastern Churches separated from Rome, and to most of the Protestant denominations
^"Nicene Creed", Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Online., 2007, Christian statement of faith that is the only ecumenical creed because it is accepted as authoritative by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and major Protestant churches
^Moorhead, James H. (1999), World Without End: Mainstream American Protestant Visions of the Last Things, 1880–1925, Religion in North America, number 28, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. xxii, 241
^Chang, Perry (November 2006), Recent Changes in Membership and Attendance(PDF), Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-02
^Wuthnow, Robert; Evans, John H., eds. (2002), The Quiet Hand of God: Faith-Based Activism and the Public Role of Mainline Protestantism, p. 4
^Hutcheson, Richard G., Jr. (1981), Mainline Churches and the Evangelicals: A Challenging Crisis?, Atlanta, Georgia: John Knox Press, pp. 36–37
^Hout, Michael; Greeley, Andrew; Wilde, Melissa J. (2001). "The Demographic Imperative in Religious Change in the United States". American Journal of Sociology. 107 (2): 468–500. doi:10.1086/324189.
^"Report Examines the State of Mainline Protestant Churches", Barna.org, The Barna Group, December 7, 2009, archived from the original on November 6, 2011 Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
^Reflections on the reception of unconventional claims in science, newsletter Center for Frontier Sciences, Temple University (1990).
^Thomas Kuhn: Reflections on my critics. In: Imre Lakatos and A. Musgrave: Criticism and the growth of knowledge. Cambridge University Press, London (1974), pp. 231–278.
^Domhoff, G. William. "C. Wright Mills, Floyd Hunter, and 50 Years of Power Structure Research". Who Rules America?. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
^"Mainstream (n)" Online Etymology Dictionary
^"mainstream". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
v
t
e
Media culture
Media
Mass media
Mainstream media
24-hour news cycle
Corporate media
News broadcasting
News media
Film
Internet
Radio
Television
Ideology
Mainstream
Advanced capitalism
American Dream
Bipartisanship
Consumerism
Pensée unique
Pop music
Deception
Forms
Advertising
Propaganda
Fake news
Public relations
Spin
Tabloid journalism
Techniques
Cult of personality
Dumbing down
Framing
Media circus
Media event
Narcotizing dysfunction
Recuperation
Sensationalism
Others
Catch and kill
Crowd manipulation
Managing the news
Media manipulation
Philosophers
Theodor W. Adorno
Jean Baudrillard
Edward Bernays
Noam Chomsky
Guy Debord
Walter Lippmann
Marshall McLuhan
Counterculture
Boycott
Call-out culture
Cancel culture
Civil disobedience
Culture jamming
Demonstration
Graffiti
Occupation
Political satire
Protest
Punk
Strike action
In academia
Influence of mass media
Media studies
Semiotic democracy
The Lonely Crowd
Issues
Anonymity
Concentration of media ownership
Freedom of speech
Media bias
Privacy
Synonyms
Advanced capitalism
Culture industry
Mass society
Post-Fordism
Society of the Spectacle
v
t
e
Aspects of capitalism (academic views)
General
Anarchy of production
Business cycle
Centralization
Competition
Depression
Deregulation
Economic bubble
Economic development
Economic liberalism
Economic planning
Entrepreneurship
Ecoprenuership
Externalities
Financial crisis
Financial Revolution
Globalization
History of capitalist theory
Industrial Revolution
Innovation
Invention
Market economy
Market failure
Merchantilism
Meritocracy
Multinational corporation
Nationalization
Oligopoly
Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
Privatization
Profit
Property rights
Recession
Regulation
Wage labour
Wealth
Ideology
Anglo-Saxon
Authoritarian
Corporate
Democratic
Dirigist
Free-market
Humanistic
Laissez-faire
Liberal
Libertarian
Market
Mercantilist
Mixed
Monopoly
National
Neo
Neoliberal
Nordic
Private
Raw
Regulated market
Regulatory
Rhine
Social
State
State-sponsored
Welfare
Cultural aspects
Advertising
American Dream
Consumerism
Decentralization
Economic freedom
Economic mobility
Individualism
Liberalism
Liberty
Mainstream
Philanthropy
Private foundation
Private property
Rule of law
Social alienation
Spontaneous order
Social aspects
Corporatism
Economic inequality
Employment
Freedom of association
Labour market flexibility
Labour supply
Productivity
Prosperity
Social venture capital
Unemployment
Criticism
Anti-capitalism
Market fundamentalism
Marxism
Wage slavery
Antithesis
Anarchism
Anarcho-communism
Anarcho-primitivism
Anarcho-syndicalism
Collectivist anarchism
Communalism
Communism
Economic democracy
Eco-socialism
Free-market socialism
Green anarchism
Individualist anarchism
Libertarian socialism
Market anarchism
Market socialism
Mutualism
Participism
Post-scarcity economy
Sharing economy
Social anarchism
Socialism
Syndicalism
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
1. 小児への補完代替療法 complementary and alternative medicine in pediatrics
2. ホームレスの緩和ケア palliative care for homeless persons
3. 喘息に対する補完代替療法および統合療法 complementary alternative and integrative therapies for asthma
5. 受動喫煙曝露：小児における影響 secondhand smoke exposure effects in children
English Journal
War outside, ceasefire inside: An analysis of the performance appraisal system of a public hospital in a zone of conflict.
Giangreco A, Carugati A, Sebastiano A, Tamimi HA.SourceHEMO - IESEG School of Management, 3, Rue de la Digue, F-59800 Lille, France.
Evaluation and program planning.Eval Program Plann.2012 Feb;35(1):161-70. Epub 2010 Nov 10.
Our study examines the use of the performance appraisal system at Hebron Public Hospital (Palestine) during the second intifada, started in 2000. The aim of the article is to shed light on the reasons behind the use of performance appraisal systems in organizations operating in zones of conflicts, a
Evanescent-wave field imaging: an introduction to total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.
Millis BA.SourceNational Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA, bryan.millis@gmail.com.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2012;823:295-309.
Advancements in technology and computational power in recent years have directly impacted modern microscopy through improvements in light detection, imaging software platforms, as well as integration of complex hardware systems. These successes have allowed for mainstream utilization of previously c
Journal of Osaka Jogakuin University (11), 81-102, 2015-03-01
… In actuality, each of these events was far more complex and less clearly delineable than the view put forth both by mainstream media and the Japanese government. …
… In the past, the mainstream of the nursing research was quantitative research with a central focus oncomputer science.Recently, number of qualitative researches have grown rapidly and developed various qualitative research design.Additionally, the method of content analysis used by computer and text mining is introduced in many nursing journalsto elucidate the nursing tacit of knowledge, and the research concerned of text mining is growing gradually. …
