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Magnetocardiography (MCG) is a technique to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the heart using extremely sensitive devices such as the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). If the magnetic field is measured using a multichannel device, a map of the magnetic field is obtained over the chest; from such a map, using mathematical algorithms that take into account the conductivity structure of the torso, it is possible to locate the source of the activity. For example, sources of abnormal rhythms or arrhythmia may be located using MCG.

History

The first MCG measurements were made by Baule and McFee^[1] using two large coils placed over the chest, connected in opposition to cancel out the relatively large magnetic background. Heart signals were indeed seen, but were very noisy. The next development was by David Cohen,^[2] who used a magnetically shielded room to reduce the background, and a smaller coil with better electronics; the heart signals were now less noisy, allowing a magnetic map to be made, verifying the magnetic properties and source of the signal. However, the use of an inherently noisy coil detector discouraged widespread interest in the MCG. The turning point came with the development of the sensitive detector called the SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) by James Zimmerman.^[3] The combination of this detector and Cohen's new shielded room at MIT allowed the MCG signal to be seen as clearly as the conventional electrocardiogram, and the publication of this result^[4] marked the real beginning of magnetocardiography (as well as biomagnetism generally).

Magnetocardiography is used in various laboratories and clinics around the world, both for research on the normal human heart, and for clinical diagnosis.^[5]

Clinical implementation

MCG technology has been implemented to hospitals in Germany. The MCG system, CS MAG II of Biomagnetik Park GmbH, was installed in Asklepios Hospital, Hamburg, in 2011.

The first MCG centre in Asia is set up in Hong Kong, adapting the same technology with Hamburg and set up by the team of Hamburg as well.

References

^ Baule G.M, McFee R. Detection of the magnetic field of the heart. American Heart Journal 1963;66:95-6.
^ Cohen D. Magnetic fields around the torso: production by electrical activity of the human heart. Science 1967;156:652-4.
^ Zimmerman, J.E., Theine, P., and Harding, J.T. Design and operation of stable rf-biased superconducting point-contact quantum devices, etc. Journal of Applied Physics 1970; 41:1572-1580.
^ Cohen D, Edelsack EA, Zimmerman JE. Magnetocardiograms taken inside a shielded room with a superconducting point-contact magnetometer. Applied Physics Letters 1970;16(7): 278-80.
^ Koch, H. Recent advances in magnetocardiography. Journal of Electrocardiology 2004; 37: 117-122.

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English Journal

Ability of magnetocardiography to detect regional dominant frequencies of atrial fibrillation.

Yoshida K1, Ogata K2, Inaba T1, Nakazawa Y1, Ito Y1, Yamaguchi I3, Kandori A2, Aonuma K1.
Journal of arrhythmia.J Arrhythm.2015 Dec;31(6):345-51. doi: 10.1016/j.joa.2015.05.003. Epub 2015 Jun 9.
BACKGROUND: Lead V1 on electrocardiography (ECG) can detect the dominant frequency (DF) of atrial fibrillation (AF) in the right atrium (RA). Paroxysmal AF is characterized by a frequency gradient from the left atrium (LA) to the right atrium (RA). We examined the ability of magnetocardiography (MCG
PMID 26702313

Evaluation of standardized, computerized Dawes/Redman heart-rate analysis based on different recording methods and in relation to fetal beat-to-beat heart rate variability.

Seliger G, Stenzel A, Kowalski EM, Hoyer D, Nowack S, Seeger S, Schneider U.
Journal of perinatal medicine.J Perinat Med.2015 Nov 19. pii: /j/jpme.ahead-of-print/jpm-2015-0169/jpm-2015-0169.xml. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2015-0169. [Epub ahead of print]
Dawes and Redman (DR) based their definition of short-term variation (STV) on the successive differences of mean inter-beat intervals dividing 1 min of cardiotocography recordings in 16 epochs of 3.75 s each. In contrast, heart rate variability (HRV) is based on the inter-beat intervals of discrete
PMID 26584353

Network Disruption and Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid-Beta and Phospho-Tau Levels in Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Canuet L1, Pusil S2, López ME3, Bajo R3, Pineda-Pardo JÁ4, Cuesta P5, Gálvez G6, Gaztelu JM7, Lourido D8, García-Ribas G8, Maestú F9.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.J Neurosci.2015 Jul 15;35(28):10325-30. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0704-15.2015.
Synaptic dysfunction is a core deficit in Alzheimer's disease, preceding hallmark pathological abnormalities. Resting-state magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used to assess whether functional connectivity patterns, as an index of synaptic dysfunction, are associated with CSF biomarkers [i.e., phospho
PMID 26180207

Japanese Journal

磁束収束コアを有するインダクショングラジオメータの性能評価 (マグネティックスモータドライブリニアドライブ合同研究会・磁性材料、モータードライブ一般、磁気支持・リニアモータ一般)

電気学会研究会資料. MD 2014(105-116), 9-14, 2014-11-21
NAID 40020281713

Magnetocardiography using a SQUID system for diagnosis of myocardial ischemia and arrhythmias

生体医工学 52(Supplement), OS-27-OS-28, 2014
NAID 130004948281

Usefulness of Magnetocardiography to Detect Coronary Artery Disease and Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy

Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 77(7), 1783-1790, 2013-06-25
NAID 10031173760

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