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Pinocytosis

In cellular biology, pinocytosis is a mode of endocytosis in which small particles are brought into the cell, forming an invagination, and then suspended within small vesicles. These pinocytotic vesicles subsequently fuse with lysosomes to hydrolyze (break down) the particles. This process requires a lot of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the chemical compound mostly used as energy in the majority of cells.

Pinocytosis is used primarily for the absorption of extracellular fluids (ECF). In contrast to phagocytosis, it generates very small amounts of ATP from the wastes of alternative substances such as lipids (fat). Unlike receptor-mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis is nonspecific in the substances that it transports. The cell takes in surrounding fluids, including all solutes present. Pinocytosis also works as phagocytosis; the only difference is that phagocytosis is specific in the substances it transports. Phagocytosis engulfs whole particles, which are later broken down by enzymes, such as cathepsins, and absorbed into the cells. Pinocytosis, on the other hand, is when the cell engulfs already-dissolved or broken-down food.

Pinocytosis is non-specific and non-absorptive. Molecule-specific endocytosis is called receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Pinocytosis is otherwise known as cell-drinking, fluid endocytosis, and bulk-phase pinocytosis.

References

Campbell, Reece, Mitchell: "Biology", Sixth Edition, Copyright 2002 P. 151
Marshall, Ben, Incredible Biological Advancements of the 20th Century, Copyright 2001 p. 899
Alrt, Pablo, Global Society Harvard study, copyright 2003 p. 189
Brooker, Robert: "Biology", Second Edition, Copyright 2011 p. 116
Cherrr, Malik, The Only Edition, Copyright 2012, p. 256

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English Journal

Phosphoinositides in phagocytosis and macropinocytosis.

Levin R1, Grinstein S2, Schlam D1.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2015 Jun;1851(6):805-823. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.005. Epub 2014 Sep 16.
Professional phagocytes provide immunoprotection and aid in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. They perform these tasks by recognizing, engulfing and eliminating pathogens and endogenous cell debris. Here, we examine the paramount role played by phosphoinositides in phagocytosis and macropinocyt
PMID 25238964

Hyaluronic acid controls the uptake pathway and intracellular trafficking of an octaarginine-modified gene vector in CD44 positive- and CD44 negative-cells.

Yamada Y1, Hashida M1, Harashima H2.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2015 Jun;52:189-98. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.027. Epub 2015 Feb 25.
The cellular uptake pathway for a gene vector is an important factor in transgene expression. We previously constructed an original gene vector, multifunctional envelope-type nano device (MEND). The use of octaarginine (R8), a cell-penetrating peptide dramatically enhanced the transfection activity
PMID 25818425

Mechanisms regulating cell membrane localization of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in human hepatocarcinoma cells.

Cepeda EB1, Dediulia T1, Fernando J1, Bertran E1, Egea G2, Navarro E1, Fabregat I3.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2015 May;1853(5):1205-18. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.02.012. Epub 2015 Feb 20.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells with a mesenchymal phenotype show an asymmetric subcellular distribution of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, which is required for cell migration and invasion. In this work we examine the mechanisms that regulate the intracellular trafficking of CXCR4 in HCC cells.
PMID 25704914

Japanese Journal

Topical Migration of Membrane-Associated Molecules Induced by Direct Influx of Arginine-Rich Peptides into Cells

HIROSE Hisaaki,TAKEUCHI Toshihide,NAKASE Ikuhiko,FUTAKI Shiroh
Peptide science : proceedings of the ... Japanese Peptide Symposium 2011, 229-230, 2012-03-01
NAID 10030204309