"Luxuriant" redirects here. For the French wine grape also known as Luxuriant, see Jurançon (grape).
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Rolls-Royce Phantom is a luxury vehicle
Patek Philippe is a luxury watch brand
In economics, a luxury good is a good for which demand increases more than proportionally as income rises, and is a contrast to a "necessity good", for which demand increases proportionally less than income.[citation needed] Luxury goods are often synonymous with superior goods and veblen goods.
Contents
- 1 Market characteristics
- 2 Market trends
- 3 Market size
- 4 History
- 5 Socioeconomic significance
- 6 Luxury brands
- 7 Luxury department stores
- 8 Luxury shopping districts
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 Further reading
Market characteristics
Luxury goods are said to have high income elasticity of demand: as people become wealthier, they will buy more and more of the luxury good. This also means, however, that should there be a decline in income its demand will drop. Income elasticity of demand is not constant with respect to income, and may change sign at different levels of income. That is to say, a luxury good may become a normal good or even an inferior good at different income levels, e.g. a wealthy person stops buying increasing numbers of luxury cars for his automobile collection to start collecting airplanes (at such an income level, the luxury car would become an inferior good).[citation needed]
Some luxury products have been claimed to be examples of Veblen goods, with a negative price elasticity of demand: for example, making a perfume more expensive can increase its perceived value as a luxury good to such an extent that sales can go up, rather than down.
Although the technical term luxury good is independent of the goods' quality, they are generally considered to be goods at the highest end of the market in terms of quality and price. Classic luxury goods include haute couture clothing, accessories, and luggage. Many markets have a luxury segment including, for example, automobile, yacht, wine, bottled water, tea, foods, watches, clothes, jewelry, and high fidelity.
Luxuries may be services. The hiring of full-time or live-in domestic servants is a luxury reflecting disparities of income. Some financial services, especially in some brokerage houses, can be considered luxury services by default because persons in lower-income brackets generally do not use them.
Market trends
The three dominant trends in the global luxury goods market are globalization, consolidation, and diversification. Globalization is a result of the increased availability of these goods, additional luxury brands, and an increase in tourism. Consolidation involves the growth of big companies and ownership of brands across many segments of luxury products. Examples include LVMH, Richemont, and Kering, which dominate the market in areas ranging from luxury drinks to fashion and cosmetics. Leading global consumer companies, such as Procter & Gamble, are also attracted to the industry, due to the difficulty of making a profit in the mass consumer goods market.
Market size
The luxury goods market has been on an upward climb for many years. Apart from the setback caused by the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, the industry has performed well, particularly in 2000. In that year, the world luxury goods market – which includes drinks, fashion, cosmetics, fragrances, watches, jewelry, luggage, handbags – was worth close to $170 billion and grew 7.9 percent.[1] The largest sector in this category was luxury drinks, including premium whisky, Champagne, Cognac. This sector was the only one that suffered a decline in value (-0.9 percent). The watches and jewelry section showed the strongest performance, growing in value by 23.3 percent, while the clothing and accessories section grew 11.6 percent between 1996 and 2000, to $32.8 billion. North America is the largest regional market for luxury goods; unlike the modest 2.9 percent growth experienced by the Western European market, the North American market achieved growth of just under 10 percent.[citation needed] The largest ten markets for luxury goods account for 83 percent of overall sales, and include Japan, China, United States, Russia, Germany, Italy, France, United Kingdom, Brazil, Spain, and Switzerland.[citation needed]
In 2012, China surpassed Japan as the world's largest luxury market.[2] China's luxury consumption accounts for over 25% of the global market.[3] The Economist Intelligence Unit published a report on the outlook for luxury goods in Asia, which explores the trends and forecasts for the luxury goods market across key markets in Asia. In 2014, the luxury sector is expected to grow over the next 10 years because of 440 million consumers spending "a total of 880 billion euros, or $1.2 trillion."[4]
History
With increasing "democratization",[5] several new product categories have been created within the luxury market, aptly called "accessible" or "mass luxury". These are meant specifically for the middle class (in this context, sometimes called the "aspiring class"). Because luxury has now diffused into the masses, defining the word has become difficult.[6]
Luxury bans
In July 2010, the United States Department of Energy banned the sale of luxury showers that use more than 9.5 liters of water per minute.[7]
In February 2013, China banned advertisements for luxury goods on its official state radio and television channels.[8]
Socioeconomic significance
Several manufactured products attain the status of "luxury goods" due to their design, quality, durability or performance that are remarkably superior to the comparable substitutes. Thus, virtually every category of goods available on the market today includes a subset of similar products whose "luxury" is marked by better-quality components and materials, solid construction, stylish appearance, increased durability, better performance, advanced features, and so on. As such, these luxury goods may retain or improve the basic functionality for which all items of a given category are originally designed.
There are also goods that are perceived as luxurious by the public simply because they play a role of status symbols as such goods tend to signify the purchasing power of those who acquire them. These items, while not necessarily being better (in quality, performance, or appearance) than their less expensive substitutes, are purchased with the main purpose of displaying wealth or income of their owners. These kinds of goods are the objects of a socio-economic phenomenon called conspicuous consumption and commonly include luxury vehicles, watches, jewelry, designer clothing, yachts, as well as large residences, urban mansions, and country houses. Also see positional good.
Luxury brands
Armani is an example of a luxury brand for clothing
A luxury brand or prestige brand is a brand for which a majority of its products are luxury goods. It may also include certain brands whose names are associated with luxury, high price, or high quality, though few, if any, of their goods are currently considered luxury goods.
LVMH (Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy) is the largest luxury good producer in the world with over fifty brands, including Louis Vuitton, the brand with the world's first designer label. The LVMH group made a profit of €2 billion on sales of €12 billion in 2003. Other market leaders include Richemont and Kering (previously PPR, after it purchased the Gucci Group).
A rather small group in comparison, the wealthy tend to be extremely influential. Once a brand gets an "endorsement" from members of this group, then the brand can be defined as a true "luxury" brand. An example of different product lines in the same brand is found in the automotive industry, with "entry-level" cars marketed to younger, less wealthy consumers, and higher-cost models for older and more wealthy consumers.
The advertising expenditure for the average luxury brand is 5-15 percent of sales revenue. This rises to about 25 percent with the inclusion of other communication such as public relations, events and sponsorships.[9]
Luxury department stores
Since the uprising of the 'luxury brand' in the 1800s, department stores dedicated to selling all major luxury brands have popped up in most major cities around the world. Le Bon Marche located in Paris, France is credited for being one of the first of its kind, but also Neiman Marcus, Selfridges, Fortnum & Mason, Lord & Taylor, Harvey Nichols, Saks Fifth Avenue, David Jones, KaDeWe, Harrods and Holt Renfrew are seen as some of the most influential and historical. Most big fashion houses & jewelers from Chanel to Tiffany & Co. have boutiques located inside these massive stores.
Luxury shopping districts
Another phenomenon of the luxury market are "Luxury Shopping Avenues". Certain thoroughfares like Leeds' Victoria Quarter, Milan's Via Monte Napoleone,Florence's Via de' Tornabuoni, Rome's Via Condotti, Tokyo's Ginza and Aoyama, Moscow's Tverskaya Street, New York's Madison Avenue and Fifth Avenue, Hong Kong's Central, TST and Admiralty, Chicago's Magnificent Mile, Beverly Hills' Rodeo Drive, Paris' Champs-Élysées, Avenue Montaigne and Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, London's Bond Street and Sloane Street, Mexico City's Avenida Presidente Masaryk, São Paulo's Rua Oscar Freire, Prague's Pařížská, Toronto's Mink Mile, Düsseldorf's Königsallee, Lisbon's Avenida da Liberdade, Melbourne's Collins Street, Singapore's Orchard Road, Amsterdam's P.C. Hooftstraat, Athens' Voukourestiou Street and Kolonaki district and Frankfurt's Freßgass area are some places where most luxury brands tend to be concentrated.[citation needed] These retail districts concentrate luxury good stores that are managed by large corporations, while conventional and independent retailers are pushed out because of increasing rent and real estate prices.[citation needed]
See also
- Commodity fetishism
- Designer label
- Luxury real estate
- Positional good
- Veblen goods
- Wealth effect
- Superior good
- Inferior good
References
- ^ “The World Market for Luxury Goods.” Global Market for Luxury Goods. Nov 1, 2001, March 5, 2007.
- ^ "China bans television ads for bling". Retrieved February 15, 2013.
- ^ "Export to China". export-to-china.com. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ Zargani, Luisa (28 January 2014). "Luxe Spending to Grow to $1.2 Trillion". WWD. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ^ Wong, N. Y.; Ahuvia, A. C. (1998). "Personal taste and family face: Luxury consumption in Confucian and Western societies". Psychology & Marketing 15 (5): 423–441. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(199808)15:5<423::AID-MAR2>3.0.CO;2-9.
- ^ "What is luxury?". Paurav Shukla. 2010-05-14. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
- ^ Power, Stephen (21 July 2010). "New Regulation of Multi-head Shower Fixtures". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ Inocencio, Ramy (February 8, 2013). "China bans television ads for bling". CNN. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
- ^ Okonkwo, Uché. Luxury fashion branding: trends, tactics, techniques . Page 145.
Further reading
- Chadha, Radha; Husband, Paul. (2006). The Cult of the Luxury Brand: Inside Asia's Love Affair with Luxury. ISBN 1-904838-05-7.
- Heine, Klaus: (2011) The Concept of Luxury Brands. Luxury Brand Management, No. 1, ISSN: 2193-1208
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Types of goods
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- Public goods
- Private goods (includes household goods)
- Common goods
- Common-pool resource
- Club goods
- Anti-rival goods
- Global public goods
- Global commons
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(Non-)Rivalrous goods and (Non-)Excludable goods
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Complementary goods vs. Substitute goods vs. Independent goods
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Free goods vs. Positional goods
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- (Non-)Durable goods
- Intermediate goods (producer goods)
- Final goods
- Capital goods
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- Inferior goods
- Normal goods (Necessity goods)
- Neutral goods
- Ordinary goods
- Giffen goods
- Luxury goods
- Veblen goods
- Superior goods
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- Search goods
- (Post-)Experience goods
- Credence goods
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- Merit goods
- Demerit goods
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- Damaged goods
- Composite goods
- Intangible goods
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