WordNet

relating to the lower jaw (同)inframaxillary
unrefined in character; "low comedy"
an air mass of lower pressure; often brings precipitation; "a low moved in over night bringing sleet and snow" (同)depression
a low level or position or degree; "the stock market fell to a new low"
used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency (同)low-pitched
very low in volume; "a low murmur"; "the low-toned murmur of the surf" (同)low-toned
in a low position; near the ground; "the branches hung low"
less than normal in degree or intensity or amount; "low prices"; "the reservoir is low"
literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension; "low ceilings"; "low clouds"; "low hills"; "the sun is low"; "low furniture"; "a low bow"
move something or somebody to a lower position; "take down the vase from the shelf" (同)take_down, let down, get_down, bring_down
cause to drop or sink; "The lack of rain had depressed the water level in the reservoir" (同)depress
set lower; "lower a rating"; "lower expectations" (同)lour
holding device consisting of one or both of the opposing parts of a tool that close to hold an object
the bones of the skull that frame the mouth and serve to open it; the bones that hold the teeth
the part of the skull of a vertebrate that frames the mouth and holds the teeth
the act of causing something to move to a lower level (同)letting down
the act of causing to become less
below the surround or below the normal position; "with lowered eyes"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(高さ・位置が)『低い』,低い所にある / (価格・数量・程度などが)『低い』,少ない / (身分・地位などが)『低い』,卑しい / (人格・行為などが)『卑しい』,下劣な,下品な / 《補語にのみ用いて》(体が)『弱った』;元気のない,憂うつな / (供給が)不十分な;(…が)乏しい《+『in』(『on』)+『名』》 / (音・声が)低い,小さい / (生物が)下等な / 『低く』,低い所に / (価格・程度などが)『安く』,低く / 低い声(調子)で;静かに / 最低点,最低水準
(牛の)モーという鳴き声 / (牛が)モーと鳴く
(lowの比較級)『もっと低い』,(価格が)もっと安い / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『下級の』;低い(下の)ほうの / …‘を'『下げる』,降ろす / 〈価格・程度・量・調子など〉‘を'『下げる』,小さくする,低下させる / 〈人〉‘を'品位(品格)を落とす / 低くなる,下がる,滅る
(…に向かって)顔をしかめる,まゆをひそめる《+『at(on, upon)』+『名』》 / 〈空模様が〉険悪になる,〈雨などが〉降りそうな / しかめっつら / 険悪な空模様
〈C〉(上・下の)『あご』 / 《複数形で》口 / 〈C〉下あごのかっこう(感じ) / 《複数形で》あごに似た物;(谷・海峡などの)狭い入口 / 〈U〉《話》おしゃべり;(長い)お説教 / (人に)しゃべる,(特に)くどくど言う;(人に)お説教をする《+『at』+『名』〈人〉》
低くする,低下させる;堕落させる
(空模様が)険悪な,荒れ模様の / しかめっつらの,(顔つきが)不機嫌な

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/05 20:20:09」(JST)

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In vertebrates, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone^[1] is a bone forming the skull with the cranium.

In humans

Lower jaw in a human

In humans, the mandible is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the face.^[2] It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. In the midline on the anterior surface of the mandible is a faint ridge, an indication of the mandibular symphysis, where the bone is formed by the fusion of right and left processes during mandibular development. Like other symphysis in the body, this is a midline articulation where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage, but this articulation fuses together in early childhood.^[3]

In other vertebrates

Sperm whale mandible

In lobe-finned fishes and the early fossil tetrapods, the bone homologous to the mandible of mammals is merely the largest of several bones in the lower jaw. In such animals, it is referred to as the dentary bone, and forms the body of the outer surface of the jaw. It is bordered below by a number of splenial bones, while the angle of the jaw is formed by a lower angular bone and a suprangular bone just above it. The inner surface of the jaw is lined by a prearticular bone, while the articular bone forms the articulation with the skull proper. Finally a set of three narrow coronoid bones lie above the prearticular bone. As the name implies, the majority of the teeth are attached to the dentary, but there are commonly also teeth on the coronoid bones, and sometimes on the prearticular as well.^[4]

This complex primitive pattern has, however, been simplified to various degrees in the great majority of vertebrates, as bones have either fused or vanished entirely. In teleosts, only the dentary, articular, and angular bones remain, while in living amphibians, the dentary is accompanied only by the prearticular, and, in salamanders, one of the coronoids. The lower jaw of reptiles has only a single coronoid and splenial, but retains all the other primitive bones except the prearticular and the periosteum.^[4]

While, in birds, these various bones have fused into a single structure, in mammals most of them have disappeared, leaving an enlarged dentary as the only remaining bone in the lower jaw - the mandible. As a result of this, the primitive jaw articulation, between the articular and quadrate bones, has been lost, and replaced with an entirely new articulation between the mandible and the temporal bone. An intermediate stage can be seen in some therapsids, in which both points of articulation are present. Aside from the dentary, only few other bones of the primitive lower jaw remain in mammals; the former articular and quadrate bones survive as the malleus and the incus of the middle ear.^[4]

Finally, the cartilagenous fish, such as sharks, do not have any of the bones found in the lower jaw of other vertebrates. Instead, their lower jaw is composed of a cartilagenous structure homologous with the Meckel's cartilage of other groups. This also remains a significant element of the jaw in some primitive bony fish, such as sturgeons.^[4]

Mandible in Popular Culture

In the Book of Judges, Samson used a donkey's jawbone to kill a thousand Philistines.^[5]

References

^ The mandible is also in some sources still referred to as the inferior maxillary bone, though this is an outdated term which goes back to at least the 1858 first edition of Gray's Anatomy, if not earlier.
^ Gray's Anatomy - The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 40th Edition, page: 530
^ Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Fehrenbach and Herring, Elsevier, 2012, page 59
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 244–247. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
^ Judges 15:16 on BibleHub.

External links

UpToDate Contents

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1. 進行癌患者における骨修飾薬による薬剤療法のリスク risks of therapy with bone modifying agents in patients with advanced malignancy
2. 下顎、口、口腔、および咽頭の先天異常 congenital anomalies of the jaw mouth oral cavity and pharynx
3. 成人における顎関節症 temporomandibular disorders in adults
4. 小児における基本的な気道のマネージメント basic airway management in children
5. 小児における顎骨骨折 jaw fractures in children

English Journal

Foxi transcription factors promote pharyngeal arch development by regulating formation of FGF signaling centers.

Edlund RK1, Ohyama T2, Kantarci H3, Riley BB3, Groves AK4.Author information 1Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM295, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.2Division of Cell Biology and Genetics, House Research Institute, 2100 W 3rd Street, Los Angeles, CA 90057, USA.3Biology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3258, USA.4Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM295, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM295, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM295, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Electronic address: akgroves@bcm.edu.AbstractThe bones of the vertebrate face develop from transient embryonic branchial arches that are populated by cranial neural crest cells. We have characterized a mouse mutant for the Forkhead family transcription factor Foxi3, which is expressed in branchial ectoderm and endoderm. Foxi3 mutant mice are not viable and display severe branchial arch-derived facial skeleton defects, including absence of all but the most distal tip of the mandible and complete absence of the inner, middle and external ear structures. Although cranial neural crest cells of Foxi3 mutants are able to migrate, populate the branchial arches, and display some elements of correct proximo-distal patterning, they succumb to apoptosis from embryonic day 9.75 onwards. We show this cell death correlates with a delay in expression of Fgf8 in branchial arch ectoderm and a failure of neural crest cells in the arches to express FGF-responsive genes. Zebrafish foxi1 is also expressed in branchial arch ectoderm and endoderm, and morpholino knock-down of foxi1 also causes apoptosis of neural crest in the branchial arches. We show that heat shock induction of fgf3 in zebrafish arch tissue can rescue cell death in foxi1 morphants. Our results suggest that Foxi3 may play a role in the establishment of signaling centers in the branchial arches that are required for neural crest survival, patterning and the subsequent development of branchial arch derivatives.
Developmental biology.Dev Biol.2014 Jun 1;390(1):1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.03.004. Epub 2014 Mar 18.
The bones of the vertebrate face develop from transient embryonic branchial arches that are populated by cranial neural crest cells. We have characterized a mouse mutant for the Forkhead family transcription factor Foxi3, which is expressed in branchial ectoderm and endoderm. Foxi3 mutant mice are n
PMID 24650709

Magnesium alloys as a biomaterial for degradable craniofacial screws.

Henderson SE1, Verdelis K2, Maiti S1, Pal S1, Chung WL3, Chou DT1, Kumta PN4, Almarza AJ5.Author information 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.2Department of Restorative Dentistry/Comprehensive Care, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.3Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.4Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.5Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Electronic address: aja19@pitt.edu.AbstractRecently, magnesium (Mg) alloys have received significant attention as potential biomaterials for degradable implants, and this study was directed at evaluating the suitability of Mg for craniofacial bone screws. The objective was to implant screws fabricated from commercially available pure Mg and alloy AZ31 in vivo in a rabbit mandible. First, Mg and AZ31 screws were compared to stainless steel screws in an in vitro pull-out test and determined to have a similar holding strength (∼40N). A finite-element model of the screw was created using the pull-out test data, and this model can be used for future Mg alloy screw design. Then, Mg and AZ31 screws were implanted for 4, 8 and 12weeks, with two controls of an osteotomy site (hole) with no implant and a stainless steel screw implanted for 12weeks. Microcomputed tomography was used to assess bone remodeling and Mg/AZ31 degradation, both visually and qualitatively through volume fraction measurements for all time points. Histological analysis was also completed for the Mg and AZ31 at 12weeks. The results showed that craniofacial bone remodeling occurred around both Mg and AZ31 screws. Pure Mg had a different degradation profile than AZ31; however, bone growth occurred around both screw types. The degradation rate of both Mg and AZ31 screws in the bone marrow space and the muscle were faster than in the cortical bone space at 12weeks. Furthermore, it was shown that by alloying Mg, the degradation profile could be changed. These results indicate the promise of using Mg alloys for craniofacial applications.
Acta biomaterialia.Acta Biomater.2014 May;10(5):2323-32. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.040. Epub 2013 Dec 30.
Recently, magnesium (Mg) alloys have received significant attention as potential biomaterials for degradable implants, and this study was directed at evaluating the suitability of Mg for craniofacial bone screws. The objective was to implant screws fabricated from commercially available pure Mg and
PMID 24384125

Statistical analysis of surgical site infection after head and neck reconstructive surgery.

Kamizono K1, Sakuraba M, Nagamatsu S, Miyamoto S, Hayashi R.Author information 1Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan, kamiken@qent.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.AbstractBACKGROUND: Surgical site infections (SSIs) occur at a rate exceeding 40 % after head and neck reconstruction and are due in part to the clean-contaminated surgical field, in which cutaneous fields interact with oral or pharyngeal fields. The aim of this study was to clarify the most important risk factors for SSI and to identify effective strategies for preventing SSI.
Annals of surgical oncology.Ann Surg Oncol.2014 May;21(5):1700-5. doi: 10.1245/s10434-014-3498-8. Epub 2014 Feb 15.
BACKGROUND: Surgical site infections (SSIs) occur at a rate exceeding 40 % after head and neck reconstruction and are due in part to the clean-contaminated surgical field, in which cutaneous fields interact with oral or pharyngeal fields. The aim of this study was to clarify the most important risk
PMID 24531701

Japanese Journal

Finite Element Analysis of Movement of Lower Jaw Molars Using Implant Anchor

TOMIZUKA Yoshinori,UMEZAKI Eisaku,MATSUI Shigeyuki,KOMAZAWA Daigo,SUDA Naoto
実験力学 : journal of JSEM 12, 267, 2012-07-01
NAID 10031048185

歯装着型加速度センサを用いた音声認識の提案

瀧澤由佳子,樋口行平,前中一介,才木常正
電気学会論文誌. C, 電子・情報・システム部門誌 = The transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. C, A publication of Electronics, Information and Systems Society 132(7), 1206-1207, 2012-07-01
… In our development of a new monitoring system for human utterance, we investigated temporal variation when a participant verbalized five Japanese vowels by using an acceleration sensor attached to the lower teeth. … We were able to observe the frequencies corresponding to voice sound and the lower jaw movements. … The results indicated that the possibility of speech recognition with not only voice sounds but also lower jaw movements by our system. …
NAID 10030778509