WordNet

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified; "a long life"; "a long boring speech"; "a long time"; "a long friendship"; "a long game"; "long ago"; "an hour long"
(of speech sounds or syllables) of relatively long duration; "the English vowel sounds in `bate, `beat, `bite, `boat, `boot are long"
for an extended distance
for an extended time or at a distant time; "a promotion long overdue"; "something long hoped for"; "his name has long been forgotten"; "talked all night long"; "how long will you be gone?"; "arrived long before he was expected"; "it is long after your bedtime"
having or being more than normal or necessary:"long on brains"; "in long supply"
holding securities or commodities in expectation of a rise in prices; "is long on coffee"; "a long position in gold"
involving substantial risk; "long odds"
of relatively great height; "a race of long gaunt men"- Sherwood Anderson; "looked out the long French windows"
primarily spatial sense; of relatively great or greater than average spatial extension or extension as specified; "a long road"; "a long distance"; "contained many long words"; "ten miles long"
make cone-shaped; "cone a tire"
a shape whose base is a circle and whose sides taper up to a point (同)conoid, cone shape
cone-shaped mass of ovule- or spore-bearing scales or bracts (同)strobilus, strobile
any cone-shaped artifact
a visual receptor cell in the retina that is sensitive to bright light and to color (同)cone cell, retinal cone
responsive to physical stimuli; "a mimosas leaves are sensitive to touch"; "a sensitive voltmeter"; "sensitive skin"; "sensitive to light"
hurting; "the tender spot on his jaw" (同)sore, raw, tender
being susceptible to the attitudes, feelings, or circumstances of others; "sensitive to the local community and its needs"
of or pertaining to classified information or matters affecting national security
in opposition to a proposition, opinion, etc.; "much was written pro and con"
an argument opposed to a proposal
the distance (measured in the direction of propagation) between two points in the same phase in consecutive cycles of a wave
a shared orientation leading to mutual understanding; "they are on the same wavelength"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(距離・物の長さが)『長い』 / (時間が)『長い』,長く続く / 《時間・距離などを表離などを表す語を伴って》長さが…の / 『長々しい』,あきあきする / (数量が標準よりも)『多い』,長い / (人が)やせてひょろ長い / 長く,長い間,久しく / …じゅう / ずっと(前に,後に) / 長い間
『熱望する』
円すい,円すい形 / 円すい形のもの / 球果(松かさなど)・暴風警報球.
(五感が)『敏感な』,感じやすい / 物事を非常に気にする,神経過敏な / 感光性の;(器械などが)感度のよい
…'を'よく研究する
反対して / 反対投票,反対論
〈人〉'を'ペテンにかける
=convict
=confidence trick
〈c〉(音・光などの)波長

UpToDate Contents

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1. 先天性および後天性ＱＴ延長症候群の遺伝学 genetics of congenital and acquired long qt syndrome
2. 思春期および成人における重症喘息の治療 treatment of severe asthma in adolescents and adults
3. 網膜色素変性症：臨床症状および診断 retinitis pigmentosa clinical presentation and diagnosis
4. 離脱困難な患者の管理 management of the difficult to wean patient
5. システマティックレビューおよびメタアナリシス systematic review and meta analysis

English Journal

Co-expression of three opsins in cone photoreceptors of the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum.

Isayama T1, Chen Y, Kono M, Fabre E, Slavsky M, Degrip WJ, Ma JX, Crouch RK, Makino CL.Author information 1Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA, 02114.AbstractWhereas more than one type of visual opsin is present in the retina of most vertebrates, it was thought that each type of photoreceptor expressed only one opsin. However, evidence has accumulated that some photoreceptors contain more than one opsin, in many cases as a result of a developmental transition from the expression of one opsin to another. The salamander UV-sensitive (UV) cone is particularly notable because it contains three opsins (Makino and Dodd, 1996; J Gen Physiol 108:27-34). Two opsin types are expressed at levels more than a hundred times lower than that of the primary opsin. Here, immunohistochemical experiments identified the primary component as a UV cone opsin and the two minor components as the short wavelength-sensitive (S) and long wavelength-sensitive (L) cone opsins. Based on single cell recordings of 156 photoreceptors, the presence of three components in UV cones of hatchlings and terrestrial adults ruled out a developmental transition. There was no evidence for multiple opsin types within rods or S cones. But immunohistochemistry and partial bleaching in conjunction with single cell recording revealed that both single and double L cones contained low levels of short wavelength-sensitive pigments in addition to the main L visual pigment. These results raise the possibility that co-expression of multiple opsins in other vertebrates was overlooked because a minor component absorbing at short wavelengths was masked by the main visual pigment or because the expression level of a component absorbing at long wavelengths was exceedingly low. J. Comp. Neurol., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2013 Dec 27. doi: 10.1002/cne.23531. [Epub ahead of print]
Whereas more than one type of visual opsin is present in the retina of most vertebrates, it was thought that each type of photoreceptor expressed only one opsin. However, evidence has accumulated that some photoreceptors contain more than one opsin, in many cases as a result of a developmental trans
PMID 24374736

Processing of S-cone signals in the inner plexiform layer of the mammalian retina.

Miyagishima KJ1, Grünert U, Li W.Author information 1National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.AbstractColor information is encoded by two parallel pathways in the mammalian retina. One pathway compares signals from long- and middle-wavelength sensitive cones and generates red-green opponency. The other compares signals from short- and middle-/long-wavelength sensitive cones and generates blue-green (yellow) opponency. Whereas both pathways operate in trichromatic primates (including humans), the fundamental, phylogenetically ancient color mechanism shared among most mammals is blue-green opponency. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how signals from short-wavelength sensitive cones are processed in the primate and nonprimate mammalian retina, with a focus on the inner plexiform layer where bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cell processes interact to facilitate the generation of blue-green opponency.
Visual neuroscience.Vis Neurosci.2013 Sep 9:1-11. [Epub ahead of print]
Color information is encoded by two parallel pathways in the mammalian retina. One pathway compares signals from long- and middle-wavelength sensitive cones and generates red-green opponency. The other compares signals from short- and middle-/long-wavelength sensitive cones and generates blue-green
PMID 24016424

A Phe-rich region in short-wavelength sensitive opsins is responsible for their aggregation in the absence of 11-cis-retinal.

Zhang T1, Fu Y.Author information 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.AbstractHuman blue and mouse S-opsin are prone to aggregation in the absence of 11-cis-retinal, which underlie the rapid cone degeneration in human patients and animal models of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). By in silico analysis and domain swapping experiments, we show that a Phe-rich region in short-wavelength sensitive (SWS) opsins, but not in medium/long-wavelength sensitive opsins, is responsible for SWS opsin aggregation. Mutagenesis studies suggest that Phe residues in this region are critical in mediating protein aggregation. Fusing the Phe-rich region of SWS opsins to GFP causes the latter to aggregate. Our findings suggest that new therapeutics can be designed to disrupt the Phe-rich region in preventing cone degeneration due to S-opsin aggregation in LCA.
FEBS letters.FEBS Lett.2013 Aug 2;587(15):2430-4. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.06.012. Epub 2013 Jun 20.
Human blue and mouse S-opsin are prone to aggregation in the absence of 11-cis-retinal, which underlie the rapid cone degeneration in human patients and animal models of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). By in silico analysis and domain swapping experiments, we show that a Phe-rich region in short-w
PMID 23792161