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- (川・運河などの)水門管理人
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/25 23:50:37」(JST)
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The lock keeper at the Grote Merwedesluis in Gorinchem, the Netherlands, at the southern terminus of the Merwede canal.
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A Lock keeper, Lock Tender, or lock operator looks after a canal or river lock, operating it and if necessary maintaining it or organizing its maintenance. Traditionally, the lock keeper lived on-site, often in a small purpose-built cottage. With the decline in commercial traffic the occupation is dying out, at least in Britain. Many previously manned locks are now unmanned.
The Kentucky River Museum is located in a former lock operator's dwelling.
Contents
- 1 Pay and other compensation
- 2 Duties
- 3 Incidents
- 4 Promotions
- 5 Modern locks
- 6 Quotations
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Pay and other compensation
The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company in 1900 paid their lockkeepers $18 USD per day, with a rent free house. They often had small stores to sell groceries to the passing boats, and also had to make minor repairs to the canal and locks.[1]
The lockkeeper of Lock 54 (Thomas Donegan, on the left) on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal.
On the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal the lockkeeper had a rent free house, an acre of land for a garden, and was paid a base of $150 a year. If he kept more than one lock, it was $50 for each extra lock, with a maximum of 3 locks.[2]
Duties
Lockkeepers were on call 24 hours a day during the boating season.[2]
On the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the lockkeepers were required to remove the windlasses from all lock paddles at night, to prevent unauthorized use.[3] But they had to get up and man the lock if a boat came through at night.
Lockkeepers had to enforce company rules against the independent and wily boat captains. In some cases, they had to check waybills that the boats had. They also were responsible for the level (canal pound) by their lock, to fix leaks and other minor repairs.
Some lockkeepers simply left the job and disappeared. In June 1848, when Asa Aud had taken French leave, William Elgin the district superintendent, appointed John Boozell as tender of Lock 25 on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal.[4]
Often lockkeepers sold alcohol on the side, one notorious example being A. S. Adams of Lock 33 (Harpers Ferry) on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal.[4] At that site, the Salty Dog Tavern was known for its availability of liquor and easiness of women.
To help a boat get out of a lock (going downstream) the lockkeeper sometimes would give a swell, that is, opening the paddle valves (wickets) on the upstream gates, and the water would flush the boat out. Some wily lock keepers would demand money from the boatmen for this "service".[5] If a boat ran aground between locks, they would sometimes ask a passing boat (going upstream) to tell the next lockkeeper to give an extra heavy swell, by opening all the wickets on the upstream lock thus raising the water level temporarily, so that they could get unstuck.[6][7]
Man tending inclined plane 7 East on Morris Canal
The Morris Canal had inclined planes as well as locks, and the former required keepers also, although one cannot exactly call them "lock keepers" since they did not tend a lock, but an inclined plane which did much of the same function as a lock, lifting or lowering boats from one level to another, albeit with a cradle which carried the boats.
Incidents
There were often conflicts between the boat captains and the lockkeepers. In July 1874 on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, there was a notorious incident, where the boat's tow line caught and tore the lock railing and the captain of the boat insisted on scrubbing the boat's sides with a broom while still in the lock. The lockkeeper demanded that the captain remove the boat from the lock, which he refused. The lockkeeper's son opened one of the gates pinning the captain's son against the boat. There was soon a fistfight, and the captain's wife knocked one of the keeper's sons off the boat. Things escalated to rock throwing, clubbing, and the lockkeeper's sons returned with a shotgun and revolver, which misfired. When the boat did resume its journey, the lockkeeper followed on horseback, all the way to Cumberland (the end of the canal) with a club threatening to settle things.[8]
There were plenty of incidents with negligent lockkeepers. On September 11, 1895 at Lock 22, the boat Excelsior arrived, and tried to lock through. The lockkeeper was so drunk, he opened the lower gate paddles too early. The boat hit the mitre sill, broke in half, and sank with its 113 tons of coal. Richard A. Moore, the owner of the boat, collected over $1,300 in damages, and the lockkeeper was fired.[9]
In England, there has been recent controversy over the Environment Agency's attempt to remove the resident lock keepers on the River Thames. This has been met with widespread disapproval. [10]
Promotions
Many people who began as lockkeepers were later promoted in the company. Many district superintendents of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal began as lockkeepers, but because of their good reputation, were promoted. These included Elgin and John Y. Young in the 1830s and 1840s, John Lambie in the 1840s. A. K. Stake began at locks 41–41 from 1847–1848, Lewis G. Stanhop at locks 41–42 also in 1848, and Overton G. Lowe at Lock 56 when the canal opened to Cumberland — these three individuals were later promoted and continued working for the Canal company well into the 1870s.[11]
Modern locks
Locks on commercial canals are usually power operated. The lock keeper, who no longer lives on site, controls the whole process from a control room overlooking the lock. In the modern age the control of traffic and locks on canals is being centralised. A single control centre can remotely operate several locks and moveable bridges in a wide area, overseeing the process using CCTV. For example, the Tilburg control centre in the Netherlands will remotely control 18 locks and 28 moveable bridges from 2015 on.[12] This allows for a reduction in manpower while still providing round-the-clock service to water traffic. As the controller now has overview over the traffic moving through one lock after another, he can anticipate the arrival of boats by turning the lock in advance, having boats wait for another coming from behind to handle them simultaneously, or decide whether to turn a lock empty for a boat going in one direction or to wait for one going in the other direction.
Quotations
- The floral tastes of the lock-keeper generally make Sonning Lock very bright and gay.
- — Charles Dickens (1812–1870)
- Is there a spot more lovely than the rest,
- By art improved, by nature truly blest?
- A noble river at its base running,
- It is a little village known as Sonning.
- — James Sadler, Sonning lock keeper (1845–1885).
References
- ^ http://www.canals.org/siteimages/NSF_Building_Americas_Canals_Curriculum.pdf p. 14
- ^ a b Kytle, Elizabeth. Home on the Canal,Seven Locks Press, 1983. ISBN 0-932020-13-5, p. 87
- ^ Unrau, Harlan D. (2007). Historic Resource Study: Chesapeake & Ohio Canal (PDF). Hagerstown, Md.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park. p. 336. LCCN 2007473571.
- ^ a b Unrau p. 800
- ^ Garrity, Richard (1977). Canal Boatman My Life on Upstate Waterways. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-8156-0139-5.
- ^ Garrity, Richard. p. 40
- ^ Kytle, Elizabeth. Home on the Canal. Seven Locks Press, 1983. p. 207
- ^ http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/choh/unrau_hrs.pdf P. 812-813
- ^ Unrau p. 799
- ^ http://www.gmb-southern.org.uk/gmb-accuse-ea-of-cooking-the-books-to-get-rid-of-resident-lock-keepers-on-river-thames-and-increase-risk-of-flooding/
- ^ Unrau p. 803
- ^ "Modernisering bediening op afstand" [Modernising remote control] (pdf) (in Dutch). Rijkswaterstaat. 2015-11-17.
External links
| Nautical portal |
- Lock Keepers at Gloucester
- Lock-keeper's house, Newforge from the BBC
- The Queen and the lock keeper, Coventry Canal, 23 August 2005
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