同腹仔のうちの一匹
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/29 00:52:25」(JST)
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- For other meanings of litter, see Litter (disambiguation).
A litter is the offspring at one birth of animals from the same mother and usually from one set of parents. The word is most often used for the offspring of mammals, but can be used for any animal that gives birth to multiple young. In comparison, a group of eggs and the offspring that hatch from them are frequently called a clutch, while young birds are often called a brood. A litter is defined as anywhere between three and eight offspring.
Animals from the same litter are referred to as litter-mates.
Animals frequently display grouping behavior in herds, swarms, flocks, or colonies, and these multiple births derive similar advantages. A litter offers some protection from predation, not particularly to the individual young but to the parents' investment in breeding. With multiple young, predators could eat several and others could still survive to reach maturity, but with only one offspring, its loss could mean a wasted breeding season. The other significant advantage is the chance for the healthiest young animals to be favored from a group. Rather than it being a conscious decision on the part of the parents, the fittest and strongest baby competes most successfully for food and space, leaving the weakest young, or runts, to die through lack of care.
In the wild, only a small percentage, if any, of the litter may survive to maturity, whereas for domesticated animals and those in captivity with human care the whole litter almost always survives. Kittens and puppies are in this group. Carnivores, rodents, and pigs usually have litters, while primates and larger herbivores usually have singletons.
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English Journal
- The Chihuahua dog: A new animal model for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis CLN7 disease?
- Faller KM1, Bras J2, Sharpe SJ1, Anderson GW3, Darwent L2, Kun-Rodrigues C2, Alroy J4, Penderis J5, Mole SE6, Gutierrez-Quintana R1, Guerreiro RJ2.
- Journal of neuroscience research.J Neurosci Res.2016 Apr;94(4):339-47. doi: 10.1002/jnr.23710. Epub 2016 Jan 13.
- Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of incurable lysosomal storage disorders characterized by neurodegeneration and accumulation of lipopigments mainly within the neurons. We studied two littermate Chihuahua dogs presenting with progressive signs of blindness, ataxia, pacing, and cogni
- PMID 26762174
- Transgenic mice with increased astrocyte expression of IL-6 show altered effects of acute ethanol on synaptic function.
- Hernandez RV1, Puro AC1, Manos JC1, Huitron-Resendiz S1, Reyes KC1, Liu K1, Vo K1, Roberts AJ1, Gruol DL2.
- Neuropharmacology.Neuropharmacology.2016 Apr;103:27-43. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.015. Epub 2015 Dec 17.
- A growing body of evidence has revealed that resident cells of the central nervous system (CNS), and particularly the glial cells, comprise a neuroimmune system that serves a number of functions in the normal CNS and during adverse conditions. Cells of the neuroimmune system regulate CNS functions t
- PMID 26707655
- Rescuing effects of RXR agonist bexarotene on aging-related synapse loss depend on neuronal LRP1.
- Tachibana M1, Shinohara M1, Yamazaki Y1, Liu CC1, Rogers J1, Bu G2, Kanekiyo T3.
- Experimental neurology.Exp Neurol.2016 Mar;277:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.12.003. Epub 2015 Dec 11.
- Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays a critical role in maintaining synaptic integrity by transporting cholesterol to neurons through the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein-1 (LRP1). Bexarotene, a retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist, has been reported to have potential beneficial effects on cog
- PMID 26688581
Japanese Journal
- Endothelial Gab1 Deletion Accelerates Angiotensin II-Dependent Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice
- HIGUCHI Kaori,NAKAOKA Yoshikazu,SHIOYAMA Wataru,ARITA Yoh,HASHIMOTO Takahiro,YASUI Taku,IKEOKA Kuniyasu,KURODA Tadashi,MINAMI Takashi,NISHIDA Keigo,FUJIO Yasushi,YAMAUCHI TAKIHARA Keiko,SHIRAI Mikiyasu,MOCHIZUKI Naoki,KOMURO Issei
- Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 76(8), 2031-2040, 2012-07-25
- … Six-month-old male ApoEKO/Gab1ECKO and littermate control (ApoEKO) mice were treated with angiotensin II (AngII) via an osmotic infusion mini-pump. …
- NAID 10030505176
- The Effect of Artificial Rearing on Gut Microbiota in a Mouse Pup-in-a-Cup Model
- ZENG Benhua,YUAN Jing,LI Wenxia [他],TANG Huan,WEI Hong
- Experimental animals 61(4), 453-460, 2012-07-01
- … Littermate pups (n=20) were maternally reared (MR) as controls. …
- NAID 10030800612
- Identification of Bangladeshi Domestic Cats with GM1 Gangliosidosis Caused by the c.1448G>C Mutation of the Feline GLB1 Gene: Case Study
- UDDIN Mohammad Mejbah,HOSSAIN Mohammad Alamgir,RAHMAN Mohammad Mahbubur,CHOWDHURY Morshedul Alam,TANIMOTO Takeshi,YABUKI Akira,MIZUKAMI Keijiro,CHANG Hye-Sook,YAMATO Osamu
- Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2012
- … The present study found the homozygous c.1448G>C mutation in 2 apparent littermate native kittens in Bangladesh that were exhibiting neurological signs. …
- NAID 130001879625
Related Links
- Animals from the same litter are referred to as litter-mates. Animals frequently display grouping behavior in herds, swarms, flocks, or colonies, and these multiple births derive similar advantages. A litter offers some protection from predation, ...
- Littermate definition, one of a pair or group of animals born or reared in the same litter See more.