lenience

　 　

WordNet

1. lightening a penalty or excusing from a chore by judges or parents or teachers (同)leniency
2. mercifulness as a consequence of being lenient or tolerant (同)leniency, mildness, lenity

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/13 20:12:08」(JST)

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For other uses, see Mercy (disambiguation).

"Merciful" redirects here. For people called "the Merciful", see List of people known as the Merciful.

Mercy & Truth are shown together in a 13th century representation of Psalms 85 (10)

Mercy (Middle English, from Anglo-French merci, from Medieval Latin merced-, merces, from Latin, "price paid, wages", from merc-, merxi "merchandise") is a broad term that refers to benevolence, forgiveness and kindness in a variety of ethical, religious, social and legal contexts.

The concept of a "Merciful God" appears in various religions, including Christianity, Judaism and Islam. Performing acts of mercy as a component of religious beliefs is also emphasized through actions such as the giving of alms, and care for the sick and Works of Mercy.

In the social and legal context, mercy may refer both to compassionate behavior on the part of those in power (e.g. mercy shown by a judge toward a convict), or on the part of a humanitarian third party, e.g., a mission of mercy aiming to treat war victims.

Religion

One of the basic virtues of chivalry, Christian ethics, Islam, and Judaism, it is also related to concepts of justice and morality in behavior between people.

Christianity

See also: Works of Mercy

In the Old Testament God is considered "Merciful and Gracious" and is praised for it, e.g. as in Psalms 103 (8). The emphasis on mercy appears in numerous parts of the New Testament, e.g., as in the Beatitudes in Matthew 5:7: "Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy". In the Parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32) Jesus describes fatherly mercy as "a gratuitous, generous gift". In Ephesians 2:4 Apostle Paul refers to the mercy of God in terms of salvation: "God, being rich in mercy,... even when we were dead through our sins, made us alive together with Christ".

This devotional element of mercy as part of the Christian tradition was echoed by Saint Augustine who called mercy "ever ancient, ever new". The Works of Mercy (seven corporal and seven spiritual works) are part of the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions.

Roman Catholicism

See also: Divine Mercy and Divine Mercy Sunday

The Divine Mercy image representing the devotion followed by over 100 million Catholics

The Catechism of the Catholic Church emphasizes the importance of the Works of Mercy (item 2447) and in Roman Catholic teachings, the mercy of God flows through the work of the Holy Spirit. Roman Catholic liturgy includes frequent references to mercy, e.g., as in Kyrie eleison, Christe eleison: Lord have mercy, Christ have mercy.

In the 20th century, there was new focus on mercy in the Roman Catholic Church, partly due to the Divine Mercy devotion. The primary focus of the Divine Mercy devotion is the merciful love of God and the desire to let that love and mercy flow through one's own heart towards those in need of it.

Pope John Paul II was a follower of the Divine Mercy devotion, due to Saint Mary Faustina Kowalska (1905–1938), who is known as the Apostle of Mercy. Pope John Paul II established Divine Mercy Sunday. In his long encyclical Dives in Misericordia (Latin for Rich in Mercy) he examined the role of mercy — both God's mercy, and also the need for human mercy.

A number of Roman Catholic shrines are specifically dedicated to Divine Mercy, e.g. the Basilica of Divine Mercy in Krakow Poland, and the National Shrine of The Divine Mercy (Stockbridge, Massachusetts). During the dedication of the Basilica of Divine Mercy John Paul II quoted the Diary of Faustina and called mercy the "greatest attribute of God Almighty".

The first World Apostolic Congress on Mercy was held in Rome in April 2008 and was inaugurated by Pope Benedict XVI.

Islam

In Islam the title "Most Merciful" (al-Rahman) is one of the names of Allah and Compassionate (al-Rahim), is the most common name occurring in the Quran. Rahman and Rahim both derive from the root Rahmat, which refers to tenderness and benevolence. As a form of mercy, the giving of alms (zakat) is the fourth of the Five Pillars of Islam and one of the requirements for the faithful.

Judaism

In the Jewish Bible mercy is one of the outstanding attributes of God. In the central revelation at Sinai is to recognize YHWH as "the Lord is a merciful and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness" (2 Exodus 34.6). This is emphasized in the Babylonian exile, "The Lord has comforted his people and is kind to his arms. [...] Can a woman forget her infant, a mother the child of her womb? And even if they would forget him. I will never forget you "(Isaiah 49,13.15) why is the demand of mercy to the people". It is good to pray and fast, to be merciful and just "(Tobit 12:8).

Other religions and beliefs

Kwan Yin the goddess of mercy and compassion, is one of the best known and most venerated Bodhisattva in Asia.

Karuṇā (often translated as "compassion") is part of the beliefs of both Buddhism and Jainism. Karuṇā is present in all schools of Buddhism and in Jainism it is viewed as one of the reflections of universal friendship.

Law and ethics

The Spirit of Compassion, commemorating World War I, South Australia, 1931

In a legal sense, a defendant having been found guilty of a capital crime may ask for clemency from being executed.

To be "mercy", the behavior generally can not be compelled by outside forces. A famous literary example that alludes to the impact of the ethical components of the mercy on the legal aspects is from The Merchant of Venice when Portia asks Shylock to show mercy. He asks, "On what compulsion, must I?" She responds:

The quality of mercy is not strain'd.
It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven
Upon the place beneath. It is twice blest:
It blesseth him that gives and him that takes.

See also

• Divine Mercy
• Fathers of Mercy
• Mercy Corps
• Our Lady of Mercy
• Sisters of Mercy
• Works of Mercy
• Virgin of Mercy

References

English Journal

• The Determinants of Federal and State Enforcement of Workplace Safety Regulations: OSHA Inspections 1990-2010.

• Jung J1, Makowsky MD2.
• Journal of regulatory economics.J Regul Econ.2014 Feb 1;45(1):1-33.
• We explore the determinants of inspection outcomes across 1.6 million Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA) audits from 1990 through 2010. We find that discretion in enforcement differs in state and federally conducted inspections. State agencies are more sensitive to local economic condition
• PMID 24659856

• [Criminal superstition, pregnancy and infants at the turn of the 19th century].

• Bachhiesl SM1.
• Archiv für Kriminologie.Arch Kriminol.2012 May-Jun;229(5-6):198-206.
• Around 1900, various crimes were still caused by criminal superstition. Criminologists like Hans Gross, Albert Hellwig and August Löwenstimm were engaged in the exploration of this topic aiming at the complete explanation of criminal behaviour linked to superstition. Crimes against pregnant women a
• PMID 22834363

• Student tutors for problem-based learning in dental hygiene: a study of tutor actions.

• Moore T1, Kain DL.
• Journal of dental education.J Dent Educ.2011 Jun;75(6):805-16.
• This case study illuminates contextual factors related to the tutor experience when senior students served as tutors for sophomore students in a problem-based learning (PBL) course in a baccalaureate dental hygiene program. Data were collected using various sources and methods. Tutors and administra
• PMID 21642527

• Modified endoscopic swallowing test for improved diagnosis and prevention of aspiration.

• Flaksman H1, Ron Y, Ben-David N, Cinamon U, Levy D, Russo E, Sokolov M, Avni Y, Roth Y.
• European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery.Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol.2006 Jul;263(7):637-40. Epub 2006 Mar 15.
• Laryngopharyngeal sensation is important in the normal process of swallowing, it is often impaired after neurological events and it has been common practice in such an occurrence to order non-oral tube feeding to prevent aspiration. This study assesses a novel approach to the evaluation of the laryn
• PMID 16538506

Japanese Journal

• 育メンの覚悟と寛容

• 北條 博彦
• 高分子 60(8), 530, 2011-08-01
• NAID 10029259331

• 単位認定が「甘い」授業の評価は「甘く」なるのか : 成績判定指標と学生による授業評価の関係

• 南 学
• 松山大学論集 17(6), 141-155, 2006-02-01
• NAID 110004819341

• 微小間隙電極間における電界放射電流の挙動(II) : 吸着気体量の概算

• 芦原 和人,中根 英章,安達 洋
• 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. ED, 電子デバイス 96(412), 1-6, 1996-12-13
• FEA(Field Emitter Array)のような微小間隙間電極間においては,陰極に影響を及ぼす残留気体分子数が減少し,電極間が大きい場合に比べてその影響が小さくなることが推測される.従って電流変動は小さくなると考えられる.そこで,電界放射電流の変動について,陰極-陽極間距離をパラメータとして調べた.実験は,10^<-10>Torr,電極間距離数十mから1cmの範囲で行い,この条 …
• NAID 110003200072

• 山県有朋と地方自治制度確立事業 : 明治二一年の洋行を中心として

• 長井 純市
• 史學雜誌 100(4), 453-484, 604-603, 1991-04-20
• … Yamagata considered an attitude of "lenience" and "benevolence to all" as crucial for statesmen and urged the necessity of political consciousness among the people. …
• NAID 110002366517

Related Links

• Lenience | Define Lenience at Dictionary.com

De Wet was once more given his life, and the other rebels were treated with a lenience which nothing but its wisdom could excuse. ... If God did not chastise sin, that lenience would argue that He was not all love and goodness ...

• Lenience - definition of lenience by The Free Dictionary

le·ni·ence (lē′nē-əns, lēn′yəns) n. Leniency. Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Noun 1. lenience - mercifulness as a consequence of being lenient or tolerant leniency, lenity, mildness mercifulness, mercy - a ...

• Lenience | Definition of lenience by Merriam-Webster

Definition of LENIENCE: leniency See lenience defined for kids ADVERTISEMENT Examples of LENIENCE <a judge's reputation for lenience towards first-time criminals> First Known Use of LENIENCE 1796 Related to LENIENCE

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