legionary

　

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1. (古代ローマ軍の)兵士

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/02 17:32:56」(JST)

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A recreation of the uniform of Roman legionaries wearing the lorica segmentata, 1st-3rd century.

The Roman legionary was a professional soldier of the Roman army after the Marian reforms. Legionaries had to be Roman citizens under the age of 45. They enlisted in a legion for twenty-five years of service, a change from the early practice of enlisting only for a campaign. The last five years were on veteran lighter duties.

Immunes

Regular trained legionaries were known as milites and were the equivalent in rank of the modern private. Included in the ranks, aside from the milites, were the immunes, specialist soldiers with secondary roles such as engineer, artilleryman, drill and weapons instructor, carpenter and medic. These men were still fully trained legionaries, however, and would fight in the ranks if called upon. They were excused from some of the more arduous tasks such as drill and fatigues and received better pay than their comrades in arms.

Equipment

On the march in unfriendly terrain, the legionary would be loaded down with armour commonly lorica hamata, lorica squamata, or 1st-3rd century lorica segmentata, shield (scutum), helmet (galea), two javelins (one heavy pilum and one light verutum), a short sword (gladius), a dagger (pugio), a pair of heavy sandals (caligae), a sarcina (marching pack), about fourteen days' worth of food, a waterskin (bladder for posca), cooking equipment, two stakes (sudes murale) for the construction of palisades, and a shovel or wicker basket.

Training and discipline

The Roman soldier underwent especially rigorous training; discipline was the base of the army's success, and the soldiers were relentlessly and constantly trained with weapons and especially with drill — forced marches with full load and in tight formation were frequent. Weighted weapons that were heavier than standard issue were used for training. Discipline was important and infractions were heavily punished by the centurions. Punishments could range from being obliged to spend the night outside the protective security of a fortified camp, through being beaten with clubs (fustuarium), to the stoning of individuals or unit executions involving decimation. However, honors, rewards and promotions were frequently awarded to legionaries who distinguished themselves in battle or through exemplary service.

Other legionaries

Legionary is also a term used for members of various military forces which have been accorded the title of "legion", although bearing no resemblance to the heavy infantry of ancient Rome. In the 18th and early 19th century this designation was sometimes accorded to units which comprised both mounted and foot components. More recently the title has been used by the French Foreign Legion, the Spanish Foreign Legion and the Polish Legions. Members of these modern legions are often called légionnaires, the French term for legionary.

The term was also used by the Romanian far right paramilitary group known in English as the Iron Guard

See also

• List of Roman army unit types
• Military history of ancient Rome
• Foreign legions
• Castra
• Roman Republic
• Roman Empire
• Punic Wars
• List of Roman legions

References

General books

• Sumner, G. and Raffaele D'Amato. Arms and Armour of the Imperial Roman Soldier. Frontline Books, 2009.
• Watson, G.R. The Roman Soldier. Cornell University Press, 1993.

Children's books

• Matyszak, Philip. Legionary: the Roman soldier's (unofficial) manual. Thames & Hudson, 2009.
• Cowan, Ross, and Angus McBride. Roman Legionary: 58 BC - AD 69. Osprey Publishing, 2003.

External links

• The Roman Recruit looks at the life, duties and equipment of a Roman legionary (c. 200AD)

English Journal

• The Ecology of Nest Movement in Social Insects.

• McGlynn TP.SourceDepartment of Biology, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747; email: terry.mcglynn@gmail.com.
• Annual review of entomology.Annu Rev Entomol.2010 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
• Social insect colonies are typically mobile entities, moving nests from one location to another throughout the life of a colony. The majority of social insect species-ants, bees, wasps, and termites-have likely adopted the habit of relocating nests periodically. The syndromes of nest relocation incl
• PMID 21910641

• [The hospitalized legionnaire at the Rhine front at the outset of the Roman Principate].

• Peters S.Sourcepeters.s@t-online.de
• Wurzburger medizinhistorische Mitteilungen / im Auftrage der Wurzburger medizinhistorischen Gesellschaft und in Verbindung mit dem Institut fur Geschichte der Medizin der Universitat Wurzburg.Wurzbg Medizinhist Mitt.2010;29:158-93.
• The ground plans of the military hospitals in legionary fortresses up to the end of the 1st century AD are described. During that period the design of these valetudinaria was brought to maturity. Assuming that the interpretation as valetudinarium is correct, general requirements for hospitals allow
• PMID 21563373

Japanese Journal

• セプティミウス・セウェルスの軍事政策と3世紀初頭のローマ帝国--ブリタニア遠征とCarpowの軍団基地を中心に

• 岡村 潤
• 古代史年報 5, 52-81, 2007
• NAID 40015368372

• Iter Principis : Elagabal's Route from Emesa to Rome?

• Arrizabalaga y Prado Leonardo de
• 筑波大学地域研究 (21), 59-100, 2003-03-20
• … 正誤表追加日：2007年5月16日, The corrections were added on 16 May 2007.It is alleged that in late summer or early autumn of 971 by the Roman calendar,218 by the Christian,an adlescent boy,recently proclaimed Roman emperor by legionary soldiers stationed near Emesa,in Syria ... …
• NAID 120000841033

Related Links

• Legionary - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

On the march in unfriendly terrain, the legionary would be loaded down with armour commonly (lorica hamata), (lorica squamata), and 1st-3rd century (lorica segmentata), shield (scutum), helmet (galea), two javelins (one heavy pilum and one ...

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