leading

　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. going or proceeding or going in advance; showing the way; "we rode in the leading car"; "the leading edge of technology"
2. greatest in importance or degree or significance or achievement; "our greatest statesmen"; "the countrys leading poet"; "a preeminent archeologist" (同)preeminent
3. indicating the most important performer or role; "the leading man"; "prima ballerina"; "prima donna"; "a star figure skater"; "the starring role"; "a stellar role"; "a stellar performance" (同)prima, star, starring, stellar
4. (law) a pleading that alleges new facts in avoidance of the opposing allegations

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『先導する』,先頭の / 『主要な』,一流の / 指導する / 指導
2. いつまでも続く厳しい指導(監督,束縛) / =leading reins
3. (幼児の肩に結びつける)歩行練習用の引き鋼
4. 人を誤らせる,誤解を招きやすい,粉らわしい

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/16 17:13:13」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Leads" redirects here. For the city and metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England, see Leeds. For other uses, see Lead (disambiguation).

"Line leading" and "Line lead" redirect here. For the water navigation concept, see Leading line. For other uses, see Lead line (disambiguation).

"Double spacing" redirects here. For double spaces between sentences, see Sentence spacing.

In typography, leading /ˈlɛdɪŋ/ refers to the distance between the baselines of successive lines of type. The term originated in the days of hand-typesetting, when thin strips of lead were inserted into the forms to increase the vertical distance between lines of type. The term is still used in modern page layout software such as QuarkXPress and Adobe InDesign.

In consumer-oriented word processing software, this concept is usually referred to as "line spacing" or "interline spacing."

Origins

The word comes from lead strips that were put between set lines of lead type, hence the pronunciation "ledding" and not "leeding". When type was set by hand in printing presses, slugs or strips of lead of appropriate thicknesses were inserted between the lines of type to add vertical space, improving legibility.

Practices

Leading can be used to enhance the readability of a page or block of text. The standard leading used in printing is usually +2 points for mechanically set body text, or +20% in digital typesetting. In both cases, with a 10 pt font the usual leading is 12 pt, creating a 12/10 ratio, which is considered single spacing. Many typography tests suggest that ideal leading should be equal to 120 -145% of the font size.

Double spacing is not an effective leading to increase readability. Double spacing is an entrenched practice due to the era of typewriters and, in academic settings, to allow the addition of handwritten comments and proofreading. Typewriters had a limited number of options for leading and double spacing was chosen as a default. Double spacing can increase the amount of unused white space on a page and lessen the number of lines on a page. Too much leading can cause continuity problems, as the eyes of the reader are required to travel a greater distance between lines of text.

Text set "solid" (no leading) appears cramped, with ascenders almost touching descenders from the previous line. The lack of white space between lines makes it difficult for the eye to track from one line to the next, makes rivers more obvious, and hampers readability.

Issues

Leading can be affected by a series of issues, all of which can be rectified or used to the printer’s advantage. A leading that is negative (12/10) could be viewed as a hindrance to readability. It would cause the text to be harder to read as lines would be forced together lessening room between lines and hindering readability. However, for short bursts of text a negative leading can enhance the message of the text and can create a more effective text. Negative leading can be affected by ascenders and descenders on certain letters. Letters with high ascenders and low descenders can interfere with one another between lines, if the leading is small enough to allow them to touch one another. Written texts with several portions that demand separate leading can lead to issue of text continuity. Written texts should have a standard leading that does not deviate from page to page. There are instances that call for a change in leading, such as when a block quote is placed within a written text. The lines on the front of a page and the verso (back) should line up vertically, line for line. If there are several leadings contained on one page, this convention can be completely negated. Fonts can also affect the need for leading. No two fonts are exactly alike and for that reason many have characteristics that demand a certain leading. Fonts that are darker require a wider leading that those that are lighter. As well, fonts that are serif should be leaded wider than those that are sans serif. Languages can decide the leading that a printer uses as well. Leading is an important issue to consider when printing as it can enhance readability, but it can also affect the number of pages as larger leadings decrease the number of lines per page. In this way the leading of a page can have a profound effect on the written text.

Examples

This block of text has default leading:

Typography (Greek: typos "form", graphein "to write") is the art and technique of setting written subject matter in type using a combination of typeface styles, point sizes, line lengths, line leading, character spacing, and word spacing to produce typeset artwork in physical or digital form.

The same block of text set with 50% leading is easier to read:

Typography (Greek: typos "form", graphein "to write") is the art and technique of setting written subject matter in type using a combination of typeface styles, point sizes, line lengths, line leading, character spacing, and word spacing to produce typeset artwork in physical or digital form.

The same block of text at 100% leading is again easier to read but makes less efficient use of vertical page space:

Typography (Greek: typos "form", graphein "to write") is the art and technique of setting written subject matter in type using a combination of typeface styles, point sizes, line lengths, line leading, character spacing, and word spacing to produce typeset artwork in physical or digital form.

On the World Wide Web

In CSS, leading is implemented by creating a difference between the content height and the value of the line-height property. Half the leading is called the half-leading. User agents center glyphs vertically in an inline box, which adds half-leading on the top and bottom. For example, if a piece of text is "12pt" high and the line-height value is "14pt", 2pt of extra space should be added: 1pt above and 1pt below the letters. (This applies to empty boxes as well, as if the empty box contained an infinitely narrow letter.)

Feathering

The leading may be increased to align the bottom line of text on a page in a process known as feathering, carding, or vertical justification.

See also

• Sentence spacing

References

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 小児期の鉛中毒：臨床症状および診断 childhood lead poisoning clinical manifestations and diagnosis
• 2. Epidemiology and causes of secondary amenorrhea
• 3. 胸部子宮内膜症：病因、疫学、および病理 thoracic endometriosis pathogenesis epidemiology and pathology
• 4. 下肢末梢動脈疾患の症状を治療するための試験的治療 investigational therapies for treating symptoms of lower extremity peripheral artery disease
• 5. Overview of visceral artery aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm

English Journal

• Effect of a dedicated osteoporosis health professional on screening and treatment in outpatients presenting with acute low trauma non-hip fracture: a systematic review.

• Bell K1, Strand H, Inder WJ.
• Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2014 Dec;9(1):167. doi: 10.1007/s11657-013-0167-7. Epub 2014 Jan 23.
• The aim of this study was to identify the effect a dedicated osteoporosis health professional on screening and treatment in outpatients presenting with acute low trauma fracture. A dedicated osteoporosis health professional improved investigation and management of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis manageme
• PMID 24452511

• Postharvest vapour heat treatment as a phytosanitary measure influences the aroma volatiles profile of mango fruit.

• Singh SP1, Saini MK2.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Dec 1;164:387-95. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.009. Epub 2014 May 15.
• Our objective was to determine the influence of postharvest vapour heat treatment (VHT) on qualitative and quantitative measurement of aroma volatiles during fruit ripening in mango (cv. Chausa) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). VHT (48°C for 20min) accelerated the process of frui
• PMID 24996349

• Improving the fatty acid profile of winter milk from housed cows with contrasting feeding regimes by oilseed supplementation.

• Stergiadis S1, Leifert C1, Seal CJ2, Eyre MD1, Steinshamn H3, Butler G4.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Dec 1;164:293-300. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.021. Epub 2014 May 17.
• Many studies show concentrations of nutritionally desirable fatty acids in bovine milk are lower when cows have no access to grazing, leading to seasonal fluctuations in milk quality if cows are housed for part of the year. This study investigated the potential to improve the fatty acid profiles of
• PMID 24996337

• Phototherapy trends in dermatology.

• Luersen K1, Dabade TS, West CE, Davis SA, Feldman SR.
• The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Dec;25(6):487-8. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.806767. Epub 2013 Jun 2.
• BACKGROUND: Use of phototherapy in the United States declined during the 1990s, largely due to unfavorable economic incentives. The trends in phototherapy since then are not well characterized.METHODS: We analyzed the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) data on quantity of phototherapy v
• PMID 23688185

Japanese Journal

• High-dose cyclophosphamide induces specific tumor immunity with concomitant recruitment of LAMP1/CD107a-expressing CD4-positive T cells into tumor sites

• Naito Tatsushi,Baba Tomohisa,Takeda Kazuyoshi,Sasaki Soichiro,Nakamoto Yasunari,Mukaida Naofumi
• Cancer Letters 336(1), 93-96, 2015-09-28
• … Thus, CTX induces the expression of CCL3, which induces the intratumoral migration of CD4+ T cells expressing cytotoxic molecules, leading to tumor eradication and subsequent specific tumor immunity. …
• NAID 120005646680

• 高齢者の認知症発症により養育機能が破綻した1家族例 (特集 「ありふれた(ような)症例」から「学べた」こと)

• 石川 博康,猪股 良之,岩城 忍 [他]
• 臨床精神医学 44(9), 1195-1199, 2015-09
• NAID 40020578718

• Population genetic diversity and hybrid detection in captive zebras.

• Ito Hideyuki,Langenhorst Tanya,Ogden Rob,Inoue-Murayama Miho
• Scientific reports 5, 2015-08-21
• … The Grevy's zebra and the mountain zebra are endangered, and hybridization between the Grevy's zebra and the plains zebra has been documented, leading to a requirement for conservation genetic management within and between the species. …
• NAID 120005651940

• Na, K-ATPase α3 is a death target of Alzheimer patient amyloid-β assembly.

• Ohnishi Takayuki,Yanazawa Masako,Sasahara Tomoya,Kitamura Yasuki,Hiroaki Hidekazu,Fukazawa Yugo,Kii Isao,Nishiyama Takashi,Kakita Akiyoshi,Takeda Hiroyuki,Takeuchi Akihide,Arai Yoshie,Ito Akane,Komura Hitomi,Hirao Hajime,Satomura Kaori,Inoue Masafumi,Muramatsu Shin-Ichi,Matsui Ko,Tada Mari,Sato Michio,Saijo Eri,Shigemitsu Yoshiki,Sakai Satoko,Umetsu Yoshitaka,Goda Natsuko,Takino Naomi,Takahashi Hitoshi,Hagiwara Masatoshi,Sawasaki Tatsuya,Iwasaki Genji,Nakamura Yu,Nabeshima Yo-Ichi,Teplow David B,Hoshi Minako
• Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112(32), E4465-E4474, 2015-08-11
• … 2015-08-14.Neurodegeneration correlates with Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms, but the molecular identities of pathogenic amyloid β-protein (Aβ) oligomers and their targets, leading to neurodegeneration, remain unclear. …
• NAID 120005647505

Related Links

• ザ・リーディングホテルズ・オブ・ザ・ワールド - Leading Hotels of the World

高級ホテルのご予約ならザ・リーディングホテルズ・オブ・ザ・ワールド。世界80カ国450 軒以上の選りすぐりホテル、リゾート＆スパの情報、お得なパッケージ、現地情報をご 紹介しています。

• Luxury Hotels of the World at The Leading Hotels of the World ...

Luxury Hotels at The Leading Hotels of the World, Ltd. Your source for small luxury hotels, luxury vacations and travels, resort hotels, and luxury vacations.

Related Pictures