layover

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途中下車,立ち寄り(stopover)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/05/28 00:34:55」(JST)

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Layover for buses at LACMTA's Warner Center Transit Hub

In scheduled transportation, a layover (also way station, or connection) is a point where a vehicle stops, with passengers possibly changing vehicle. In public transit, this typically takes a few minutes at a trip terminal. For air travel, where layovers are longer, passengers will exit the vehicle and wait in the terminal.

Mass transit

A layover for mass transit is a short period of recovery time built into the schedule. Layovers are generally used for one or more of the following reasons: recover from delays, provide breaks for the driver, and/or allow time for a driver change. Delays may be caused by earlier traffic congestion or excess boarding times.

In addition to being used at the end of vehicle trip, layovers can be scheduled at timing points during the trip, in which case they are often referred to as loading/unloading time. In this case, they serve as extra time provided for the loading and unloading of passengers, which is most often scheduled at busy stops.^[1]^[2] They also allow time to pass if a service is running early, to prevent arriving at a timing point ahead of schedule.

Long-distance rail and bus

A layover in long-distance travel by train or intercity bus is a break that a passenger must take between vehicles in a multi-vehicle trip. It is the time spent at a terminal after leaving one vehicle and waiting to board the next. Many inter-city and international trips include layovers.

As in mass transit, a layover in long-distance travel may provide for a break taken by the operator. A vehicle is said to be laying over after it finishes its route and is waiting prior to a return trip, or is taking a break to change crews or for the crew to rest.

Air

In air travel, a stop or transfer (from one airplane to another) is considered to be a layover or connection up to a certain maximum allowed connecting time, while a so-called stopover is a substantially longer break in the flight itinerary. The maximum time depends on many variables, but for most U.S. and Canadian itineraries, it is 4 hours, and for most international itineraries (including any domestic stops), it is 24 hours. In general, layovers are cheaper than stopovers, because notionally layovers are incidental to traveling between two other points, whereas stopovers are among the traveler's destinations.^[3]^[4]^[5]

References

^ "Transit Glossary: Layover". Sacramento Regional Transit. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
^ MacKechnie, Christopher. "A Common Scheduling Problem". About.com. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
^ Kralev, Nicholas (2011). Decoding Air Travel: A Guide to Saving on Airfare and Flying in Luxury. p. 23. ISBN 146101543X.
^ "Passenger Glossary of Terms". International Air Transport Association. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016.
^ "Glossary: connection, stopover". Airline Tariff Publishing Company. Retrieved February 17, 2017.

English Journal

Monitoring and Managing Cabin Crew Sleep and Fatigue During an Ultra-Long Range Trip.

van den Berg MJ1, Signal TL, Mulrine HM, Smith AA, Gander PH, Serfontein W.
Aerospace medicine and human performance.Aerosp Med Hum Perform.2015 Aug;86(8):705-13. doi: 10.3357/AMHP.4268.2015.
PMID 26387894

Notes from the field: measles transmission at a domestic terminal gate in an international airport - United States, January 2014.

Vega JS, Escobedo M, Schulte CR, Rosen JB, Schauer S, Wiseman R, Lippold SA, Regan JJ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.2014 Dec 19;63(50):1211.
In March 2014, CDC identified a possible cluster of four laboratory-confirmed measles cases among passengers transiting a domestic terminal in a U.S. international airport. Through epidemiologic assessments conducted by multiple health departments and investigation of flight itineraries by CDC, all
PMID 25522093

Mitigating and monitoring flight crew fatigue on a westward ultra-long-range flight.

Signal TL1, Mulrine HM, van den Berg MJ, Smith AA, Gander PH, Serfontein W.
Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.Aviat Space Environ Med.2014 Dec;85(12):1199-208. doi: 10.3357/ASEM.4034.2014.
PMID 25479262

Japanese Journal

B-2-20 合成開ロレーダ画像間の位相差の連続性に基づく建物のレイオーバの分離(B-2.宇宙・航行エレクトロニクス,一般セッション)

大石昇,原照幸
電子情報通信学会ソサイエティ大会講演論文集 2014年_通信(1), 198, 2014-09-09
NAID 110009882909

シングルおよびマルチプル編成を模擬した国際線パイロットの睡眠と乗務中のパフォーマンスに関する予備調査

佐々木司,松元俊
労働科学 89(5), 174-194, 2013
国際線運航乗務員の年齢構成，乗務編成，睡眠－覚醒パターンを模擬して，調査対象者X（男性，36歳）とY（男性，47歳）の２名が，睡眠脳波，直腸温，パフォーマンスを測定する予備調査を行った。乗務条件は，往復夜間乗務でシングル編成のデリー便および，往路昼間乗務，復路夜間乗務でマルチプル編成のムンバイ便であった。両便の往路乗務直後の睡眠は，睡眠間隔が通常より長いにも係らず短縮した。復路乗務前に現地の昼間時 …
NAID 130005071922

高解像度衛星SAR 画像を用いた建物側面の被害把握

岩崎洋志,山崎文雄,リュウウェン,野中崇志,笹川正
日本地震工学会論文集 13(5), 5_18-5_32, 2013
衛星光学センサ画像を用いた建物の被害把握はこれまでに数多く行われてきたが、直下視の画像からは建物上面しか観察できないため、建物側面への被害や層崩壊などの被災パターンを判読することは困難であった。そこで本研究では、高解像度の衛星搭載合成開口レーダ(SAR)で得られた地震前後の強度画像を用い、画像上の倒れ込み領域とレーダー影から個別建物の形状変化を把握し、被害抽出を試みた。仙台塩釜港周辺の建物と福島 …
NAID 130003387168

Related Pictures

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[1] "Transit Glossary: Layover". Sacramento Regional Transit. Retrieved February 17, 2017.

[2] MacKechnie, Christopher. "A Common Scheduling Problem". About.com. Retrieved February 17, 2017.

[3] Kralev, Nicholas (2011). Decoding Air Travel: A Guide to Saving on Airfare and Flying in Luxury. p. 23. ISBN 146101543X.

[4] "Passenger Glossary of Terms". International Air Transport Association. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016.

[5] "Glossary: connection, stopover". Airline Tariff Publishing Company. Retrieved February 17, 2017.

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