lawmaker

　

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1. 立法者,議員(legislator)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/31 23:59:56」(JST)

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"Lawgiver" redirects here. For other uses, see Lawgiver (disambiguation).

A legislator (or lawmaker) is a person who writes and passes laws, especially someone who is a member of a legislature. Legislators are usually politicians and are often elected by the people of the state. Legislatures may be supra-national (for example, the European Parliament), national (for example, the United States Congress), regional (for example, the National Assembly for Wales), or local (for example, local authorities).

Overview

The political theory of the separation of powers requires legislators to be different individuals from the members of the executive and the judiciary. Certain political systems adhere to this principle, others do not. In the United Kingdom, for example, the executive is formed almost exclusively from legislators (members of Parliament) although the judiciary is mostly independent (until reforms in 2005, the Lord Chancellor uniquely was a legislator, a member of the executive (indeed, the Cabinet), and a judge, while until 2009 the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary were both judges and legislators as members of the House of Lords, though by convention they did not vote in the House until retirement).

In continental European jurisprudence and legal discussion, "the legislator" (le législateur) is the abstract entity that has produced the laws. When there is room for interpretation, the intent of the legislator will be questioned, and the court is supposed to rule in the direction it judges to best fit the legislative intent, which can be difficult in the case of conflicting laws or constitutional provisions.

Terminology

The local term for a legislator is usually a derivation of the local term for the relevant legislature. Typical examples include

• Parliament: Member of Parliament
• Assembly: Member of the Assembly
• Senate: Senator
• House of Representatives: Representative
• Congress: Member of Congress

The generic term "deputy" may also be used, deriving from the concept that the legislator is "deputising" for the electorate of his electoral district.

Substitute legislator

Some legislatures provide each legislator with an official "substitute legislator" who deputises for the legislator in the legislature if he or she is unavailable. Venezuela, for example, provides for substitute legislators (diputado suplente) to be elected under Article 186 of its 1999 constitution. Ecuador and Panama also have substitute legislators.

References

See also

• List of legislatures by country

English Journal

• 86th Annual Georgia Public Health Association Meeting & Conference Report.

• Smith SA1, Abbott R2, Sims C3.
• Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association.J Ga Public Health Assoc.2015 Summer;5(1):11-15.
• The 86th annual meeting of the Georgia Public Health Association (GPHA) and joint conference with the Southern Health Association was held in Atlanta, Georgia, on April 13-14, 2015, with pre-conference (April 12th) and post-conference (April 14th) Executive Board meetings. As Georgia's leading forum
• PMID 26835519

• [Responsibility for prescribing and monitoring an act transfusion and safety blood transfusion].

• Piercecchi-Marti MD1, Tuchtan-Torrents L2, Lassale B3, Leonetti G2, Bartoli C2.
• Transfusion clinique et biologique : journal de la Société française de transfusion sanguine.Transfus Clin Biol.2014 Nov;21(4-5):158-61. doi: 10.1016/j.tracli.2014.08.001. Epub 2014 Oct 2.
• The act to transfuse is a prescription following basic rules similar to drug prescriptions. If harm happens, potentially linked with this prescription, the harm's responsibility is borne by the physician, the paramedics, the care organization but by the supplier laboratory too. The setting of good p
• PMID 25282487

• [Is the court-ordered treatment indication by the expert based on a medical diagnosis?].

• Spriet H1, Abondo M2, Naudet F3, Bouvet R4, Le Gueut M4.
• L'Encéphale.Encephale.2014 Sep;40(4):295-300. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2013.04.016. Epub 2013 Oct 3.
• Court-ordered treatment was created in 1998, as part of a law against sexual offense recidivism. The creation of court-ordered treatment is based on the premise that many offenders have psychiatric disorders. If the court-ordered treatment is appraised as an effective way to prevent recidivism by th
• PMID 24094867

Japanese Journal

• 米国の気候変動政策過程の背後で働くロビイスト

• 公共政策志林 (3), 3-17, 2015-03-24
• NAID 120005660808

• Greetings for publishing the special edition of the BIOPHILIA journal

• バイオフィリア 2015(1), 5-5, 2015
• NAID 130005087696

• 多様な議論の源泉としてのSwift-Erie判決 Symposium : Law Without a Lawmaker, 54 WM. & MARY L. REV. 655-1121 (2013)

• アメリカ法 2014(1), 130-135, 2014-11
• NAID 40020307130

Related Links

• lawmakerの意味・用例｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

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• lawmakerの意味 - goo辞書 英和和英

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