WordNet

the state of being prominent: widely known or eminent
relative importance
of or relating to or situated in the larynx; "laryngeal infection"

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突出部,目立つ物(場所) / 〈U〉目立つこと,傑出
喉頭(こうとう)の;(音声が)喉頭音の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/22 11:22:10」(JST)

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For other uses, see Adam's apple (disambiguation).

The Adam's apple—technically known as the laryngeal prominence—is a feature of the human neck. This lump, or protrusion, is formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx. The term "Adam's Apple" is derived from the forbidden fruit in the biblical account of the lives of Adam and Eve (the specific type of fruit of which they partook, however, is not mentioned in the Genesis account) and refers to the prominence of the lump in males (hence, Adam) more than females.^[1]

Sex differences

The laryngeal prominence is usually more prominent in adult men than in women or prepubescent children. The growth of the larynx itself, and dropping of the vocal box during puberty is responsible for the vocal instability in teenage boys. The laryngeal prominence is merely the protrusion one sees of the thyroid cartilage making up the body of the larynx. The laryngeal prominence is usually more prominent in adult males because the thyroid cartilage elongates during puberty as the voice box becomes lodged in the throat, protruding out of the front of the neck more noticeably. The result is that the two laminae (thin cartilage) of the thyroid cartilage that form the protrusion meet at an average angle of 90° in males, and 120° in females, so there is less cartilage protruding out in females.

Surgery

Cosmetic surgery to reduce the size of a laryngeal prominence is called chondrolaryngoplasty (thyroid chondroplasty).^[2] This surgery may change the patient's voice and can possibly cause permanent damage, and may leave a visible scar. Chondrolaryngoplasty may be performed in many types of gender reassignment surgery.

Additional Images

Laryngeal prominence
Laryngeal prominence
Laryngeal prominence

References

^ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Adam
^ Wolfort FG, Dejerine ES, Ramos DJ, Parry RG (1990). "Chondrolaryngoplasty for appearance". Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 86 (3): 464–9; discussion 470. doi:10.1097/00006534-199009000-00012. PMID 2385664.

External links

laryngeal+prominence at eMedicine Dictionary
lesson11 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 甲状腺の外科解剖学 surgical anatomy of the thyroid gland
2. 経皮的気管穿刺換気法による針輪状甲状軟骨間膜切開 needle cricothyroidotomy with percutaneous transtracheal ventilation
3. 喉頭の先天異常 congenital anomalies of the larynx
4. 緊急輪状甲状間膜切開（輪状甲状軟骨切開術） emergent surgical cricothyrotomy cricothyroidotomy
5. 早期（ステージIおよびII）の頭頸部癌の治療：喉頭 treatment of early stage i and ii head and neck cancer the larynx

English Journal

Relation of perceived breathiness to laryngeal kinematics and acoustic measures based on computational modeling.

Samlan RA, Story BH, Bunton K.SourceUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. rsamlan@email.arizona.edu
Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR.J Speech Lang Hear Res.2013 Aug;56(4):1209-23. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0194). Epub 2013 Jun 19.
PURPOSE: In this study, the authors sought to determine (a) how specific vocal fold structural and vibratory features relate to breathy voice quality and (b) the relation of perceived breathiness to 4 acoustic correlates of breathiness.METHOD: A computational, kinematic model of the vocal fold media
PMID 23785184

Vocal tract and glottal function during and after vocal exercising with resonance tube and straw.

Guzman M, Laukkanen AM, Krupa P, Horáček J, Švec JG, Geneid A.SourceSchool of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. guzmanvoz@gmail.com
Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation.J Voice.2013 Jul;27(4):523.e19-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2013.02.007. Epub 2013 May 15.
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the vocal tract and glottal function during and after phonation into a tube and a stirring straw.METHODS: A male classically trained singer was assessed. Computerized tomography (CT) was performed when the subject produced [a:] at comfortable speakin
PMID 23683806

Reliability of objective voice measures of normal speaking voices.

Leong K, Hawkshaw MJ, Dentchev D, Gupta R, Lurie D, Sataloff RT.SourceDepartment of Surgery, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation.J Voice.2013 Mar;27(2):170-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2012.07.005. Epub 2012 Dec 29.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the reliability of objective voice measures used commonly in clinical practice.SUBJECTS: Eighteen healthy volunteers (nine males and nine females).METHODS: Objective voice measures were performed on 18 healthy volunteers on 10 occasions under similar conditions over a 30-day
PMID 23280378

Japanese Journal

嚥下の心拍変動に与える影響の呼吸位相領域における解析

小谷潔,古川健太,高増潔
生体医工学 : 日本エム・イー学会誌 42(2), 61-65, 2004-06-10
… Further, we put an accelerometer on the larynx and sampled the motion of the laryngeal prominence. …
NAID 110004003545

Analysis of swallowing movement using a simple and safe device

Takagi Masamichi,Miyaoka Yozo,Haishima Hiroyuki,Matsunaga Kazuhide,Yamada Yoshiaki,YAMADA Yoshiaki
日本顎口腔機能学会雑誌 8(1), 25-30, 2001-11-20
… The present study reports a newly developed laryngeal movement tracking system. … The plastic plate was fixed to the skin over laryngeal prominence. … The rod and magnets conduct the movement of the plate in relation to laryngeal movement to the sensor during swallowing. … Actual motion picture of the laryngeal movement during swallowing was also recorded in the sagittal plane using a video tape recorder in one subject. …
NAID 110001095340

甲状軟骨形成術が有用であった甲状軟骨形成異常の1例

三枝英人,小西知子,岩本容武,新美成二,八木聰明
音声言語医学 42(3), 227-234, 2001-07-20
… Congenital laryngeal malformation is very rare, in particular for the laryngeal cartilage. … On inspection, his thyroid prominence was bifid, and the left thyroid lamina was depressed. … A horizontal CT scan and coronal tomography of the larynx also revealed similar findings for the thyroid cartilage, and the other laryngeal cartilages were intact. …
NAID 10010871036