出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/07/30 20:32:08」(JST)
Ukrainian hryvnia | |||||
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українська гривня (Ukrainian) | |||||
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ISO 4217 code | UAH | ||||
Central bank | National Bank of Ukraine | ||||
Website | www.bank.gov.ua | ||||
User(s) | Ukraine (excluding Crimea and Sevastopol) | ||||
Inflation | 0.5% (2013) | ||||
Source | 8 January 2014 | ||||
Subunit | |||||
1/100 | kopiyka (копійка) | ||||
Symbol | ₴ | ||||
Plural | hryvni (гривні, nom. pl., after numbers ending with 2,3,4, but not with 12,13,14), and hryven’ (гривень, gen. pl., after other numbers) | ||||
kopiyka (копійка) | kopiyky (копійки, nom. pl., after numbers ending with 2,3,4, but not with 12,13,14), kopiyok (копійок, gen. pl. after other numbers) | ||||
Coins | 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 kopiyok, 1 hryvnia | ||||
Banknotes | 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 hryven' |
The hryvnia, sometimes hryvnya (Ukrainian: гривня, pronounced [ˈɦrɪu̯ɲɑ], abbr.: грн (hrn in Latin alphabet)); sign: ₴, code: UAH), has been the national currency of Ukraine since September 2, 1996. The hryvnia is subdivided into 100 kopiyok. In medieval times, it was the currency of Kievan Rus'.
The currency of Kievan Rus' in the eleventh century was called grivna. The word is thought to derive from the Slavic griva; c.f. Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian грива / griva, meaning "mane". It may have indicated something valuable worn around the neck, usually made of silver or gold; c.f. Bulgarian and Serbian grivna (гривна, "bracelet"). Later, the word was used to describe silver or gold ingots of a certain weight; c.f. Ukrainian hryvenyk (гривеник), Russian grivennik (гривенник, "10-kopek piece").
The modern Ukrainian hryvnia is sometimes transliterated as hryvna, hrivna, gryvna or grivna, due to its Russian language counterpart, гри́вна, pronounced grívna. However, the standard English name for the currency is hryvnia.[1]
The National Bank of Ukraine has recommended that a distinction be made between hryvnia and grívna in both historical and practical means.[citation needed]
The nominative plural of hryvnia is hryvni (Ukrainian: гривні). This is also the genitive singular of hryvnia, while the genitive plural is hryven′ (Ukrainian: гривень). In Ukrainian, the genitive singular form is used for numbers ending with 2, 3, or 4, as in dvi hryvni (дві гривні, "2 hryvni"), and the genitive plural is used for numbers ending with 5 to 9 and 0, for example sto hryven’ (сто гривень, "100 hryven’"); for numbers ending with 1 the nominative singular form is used, for example dvadtsiat’ odna hryvnia (двадцять одна гривня, "21 hryvnia"). An exception for this rule is numbers ending in 11, 12, 13 and 14 for which the genitive plural is also used, for example, dvanadtsiat’ hryven’ (дванадцять гривень, "12 hryvnia"). The singular for the subdivision is копійка (kopiyka), the nominative plural is копійки (kopiyky) and the genitive is копійок (kopiyok). All these rules also apply in Polish, Russian and the most of other Slavic languages.
The hryvnia sign is a cursive Ukrainian letter He (г), with a double horizontal stroke, symbolizing stability, similar to that used in other currency symbols such as ¥ or €. The sign was encoded as U+20B4 in Unicode 4.1 and released in 2005.[2] It is now supported by the latest computer systems.
A currency called hryvna was used in Kievan Rus'. In 1917, after the Ukrainian National Republic declared independence from the Russian Empire, the name of the new Ukrainian currency became hryvnia, a revised version of the Kievan Rus' hryvna. The designer was Heorhiy Narbut.
The hryvnia replaced the karbovanets during the period September 2–16, 1996, at a rate of 1 hryvnia = 100,000 karbovantsiv. The karbovanets was subject to hyperinflation in the early 1990s following the collapse of the USSR.
To a large extent, the introduction of hryvnia was secretive.[3] Hryvnia was introduced according to President's Decree dated August 26, 1996, published on August 29. During the transition period, September 2–16, both hryvnia and karbovanets were used in circulation, but merchants were required to give change only in hryvnias. All bank accounts were converted to hryvnia automatically. During the transition period, 97% of karbovanets were taken out of circulation, including 56% in the first 5 days of the currency reform.[3] After September 16, 1996, the remaining karbovanets were allowed to be exchanged to hryvnias in banks.
The hryvnia was introduced during the period when Victor Yushchenko was the Chairman of National Bank of Ukraine. However, the first banknotes issued bore the signature of the previous National Bank Chairman, Vadym Hetman, who resigned back in 1993, because the first notes had been printed as early as 1992 by the Canadian Bank Note Company, but it was decided to delay their circulation until the hyperinflation in Ukraine was brought under control.
Initially, the foreign exchange rate was UAH 1.76 = USD 1.00. Following the Asian financial crisis in 1998 the currency devaluated to UAH 5.6 = USD 1.00 in February 2000. Later, the exchange rate remained relatively stable at around 5.4 hryvnias for 1 US dollar and was fixed to 5.05 hryvnias for 1 US dollar from 21 April 2005 until 21 May 2008. In mid-October 2008 rapid devaluation began with the hryvnia dropping 38.4% from UAH 4.85 for USD 1 on 23 September 2008 to UAH 7.88 for USD 1 on 19 December 2008.[4] After a period of instability, a new peg of 8 hryvnias per US dollar was established, and remained for several years. In 2012, the peg was changed to a managed float (much like that of the Chinese yuan) as the euro and other European countries' currencies weakened against the dollar due to the problems in Greece, and the value in mid-2012 was about 8.14 UAH per dollar.
On March 18, 2014, the government of Crimea announced that the Ukrainian hryvina was to be dropped as the region's currency in April 2014.[5]
No coins were issued for the first Hryvnia.
Coins were first struck in 1992 for the new currency but were not introduced until September 1996. Initially coins valued between 1 and 50 kopecks were issued. In March 1997, 1 hryvnia coins were added; they are however rarely seen in circulation. The note of the same value is far more commonly used. Since 2004 several commemorative 1 hryvnia coins have been struck.
In October 2012 the National Bank of Ukraine announced that it is examining the possibility of withdrawing the 1 and 2 kopeck-coins from circulation.[6] The coins had become too expensive to produce compared to their nominal value.
Also, on 26 October 2012, the National Bank of Ukraine announced it is considering the introduction of a 2 Hryvnia coin.[7]
In 1996, the first series of hryvnia banknotes was introduced into circulation by the National Bank of Ukraine. They were dated 1992 and were in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 hryven’. The design of the banknotes was developed by Ukrainian artists Vasyl Lopata and Borys Maksymov.[8][9] One hryvnya banknotes were printed by the Canadian Bank Note Company in 1992. Two, five and ten hryvnya banknotes were printed two years later. Until introduction into circulation the banknotes were kept in Canada.[8]
Banknotes of the first series in denominations of 50 and 100 hryven' also existed but due to some reasons they were never introduced.
Also in 1996, the 1, 50, and 100 hryvnia notes of the second series were introduced, with 1 hryvnia dated 1994. The banknotes were designed and printed by British De La Rue.[10] Since the opening of the Mint of the National Bank of Ukraine in cooperation with De La Rue in March 1994 all banknotes have been printed in Ukraine.[10]
Later, highest denominations were added. The 200 hryvnia notes of the second series were introduced in 2001, followed by the 500 hryvnia notes of the third series in 2006.
All hryvnia banknotes issued by the National Bank continue to be a legal tender. As of 2008, the banknotes of early series can rarely be found in circulation. Also, despite the devaluing of the currency since its introduction, all kopeck coins remain in circulation, as well as all low-value hryvnia bills, including 1 hryvnia.
As with the U.S. dollar, the 1 hryvnia bill is commonly used, and the 1 hryvnia coin is rarely seen. The 100 hryvnia denomination is quite common due to its moderately high value. Also common is the 200 hryvnia, as most Ukrainian ATMs dispense currency in this denomination, much as with the US$20 bill.
Denomination [1] and dimensions | Image | Main colour | Obverse | Reverse | Date of issue | |
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1 hryvnia 118 x 63 mm |
Yellow-blue | Vladimir I of Kiev (c. 958 – 1015), Prince of Novgorod and Grand Prince of Kiev Ruler of Kievan Rus' in (980–1015) |
The Vladimir I's Fortress Wall in Kiev | May 22, 2006 | ||
2 hryvni 118 x 63 mm |
Orange | Yaroslav the Wise (c. 978 – 1054), Prince of Novgorod and Grand Prince of Kiev Ruler of Kievan Rus' in (1019–1054) |
The Saint Sophia's Cathedral in Kiev | September 24, 2004 | ||
5 hryven' 118 x 63 mm |
Blue | Bohdan Khmelnytsky (c. 1595 – 1657), Hetman of Ukrainia | A church in the village of Subotiv | June 14, 2004 | ||
10 hryven' 124 x 66 mm |
Crimson | Ivan Mazepa (1639 – 1709), Hetman of Ukrainia | The Holy Dormition Cathedral of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra | November 1, 2004 | ||
20 hryven' 130 x 69 mm |
Green | Ivan Franko (1856 – 1916), poet and writer | The Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet | December 1, 2003 | ||
50 hryven' 136 x 72 mm |
Violet | Mykhailo Hrushevskyi (1866 – 1934), historian and politician. | The Tsentralna Rada building ("Teachers' House" in Kiev). | March 29, 2004 | ||
100 hryven' 142 x 75 mm |
Olive | Taras Shevchenko (1814 – 1861), poet and artist | The Chernecha Hill near Cherkasy and the figures of a kobzar with his guide boy. | February 20, 2006 | ||
200 hryven' 148 x 75 mm |
Pink | Lesya Ukrainka (1871 – 1913), poet and writer | The Entrance Tower of Lutsk Castle. | May 28, 2007 | ||
500 hryven' 154 x 75 mm |
Brown | Hryhorii Skovoroda (1722 – 1794), writer and composer | One of the Kyiv Mohyla Academy buildings. | September 15, 2006 |
Official NBU exchange rate at moment of introduction UAH 1.76/USD 1.[11]
In the period from 21 April 2005 through 21 October 2008 the exchange rate was pegged at around UAH 5/USD 1. In 2008 when global financial crisis hit, the hryvnia was devalued to about 8/USD 1.[12] Because of known economic problem called impossible trinity, having a fixed exchange rate and free movements of capital (i.e. cross-border lending) have undermined National Bank of Ukraine's ability to conduct independent monetary policy.
As from the 7th of February 2014, following the political instability in the country, the National Bank of Ukraine changed the Hryvnia into a fluctuating/floating currency in a try to meet the IMF requests and try to enforce a stable price for the currency in the Forex market.[13]
Current UAH exchange rates | |
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From Google Finance: | AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD RUB |
From Yahoo! Finance: | AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD RUB |
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From fxtop.com: | AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD RUB |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Money of Ukraine. |
Preceded by: various |
Currency of Kyivan Rus' 11th century – 15th century |
Succeeded by: various |
Preceded by: Ukrainian karbovanets |
Currency of Ukrainian People's Republic March 1, 1918 – April, 1918 |
Succeeded by: Ukrainian karbovanets |
Preceded by: Ukrainian karbovanets |
Currency of Ukrainian People's Republic December, 1918 – November, 1920 |
Succeeded by: Soviet karbovanets |
Preceded by: Ukrainian hryvnia |
Currency of Republic of Crimea March 17, 2014 – June 1, 2014 |
Succeeded by: Russian ruble |
Preceded by: Ukrainian karbovanets |
Currency of Ukraine September 2, 1996 – |
Succeeded by: Current |
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