関: kcal

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/06/30 01:08:42」(JST)

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This article is about the unit of energy. For its use in nutrition and food labeling regulations, see Food energy. For the study of reduced calorie intake, see CALERIE.

"Calories" redirects here. For the 1951 short story, see Calories (story).

The calorie is a pre-SI metric unit of energy. It was first defined by Nicolas Clément in 1824 as a unit of heat, entering French and English dictionaries between 1841 and 1867.^[1] In most fields its use is archaic, having been replaced by the SI unit of energy, the joule. However, in many countries it remains in common use as a unit of food energy.

Definitions of a calorie fall into two classes:

The small calorie or gram calorie (symbol: cal)^[2] approximates the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 °C at 1 atmosphere of pressure. This is about 4.2 joules.
The large calorie, kilogram calorie, dietary calorie, nutritionist's calorie or food calorie (symbol: Cal)^[2] approximates the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 °C. This is exactly 1,000 small calories or about 4.2 kilojoules.

The gram calorie is not used in nutritional contexts. Instead, the large calorie is used. In this context calorie and kilocalorie are equivalent.

In an attempt to avoid confusion, the large calorie is sometimes written as Calorie (with a capital C). This convention, however, is not always followed, and not explained to the average person clearly (and is sometimes ambiguous, such as at the beginning of a sentence). Whether the large or small calorie is intended often must be inferred from context. When used in scientific contexts, the term calorie refers to the small calorie; it is often encountered in contexts such as bond and conformational energies in molecular modeling.^[3]

Variations

The energy needed to increase the temperature of a given mass of water by 1 °C at atmospheric pressure depends on the starting temperature and is difficult to measure precisely. Accordingly, there have been several definitions of the calorie. The two perhaps most popular definitions used in older literature are the 15 °C calorie and the thermochemical calorie.

The conversion factors used to convert calories to joules are numerically equivalent to expressions of the specific heat capacity of water in joules per gram or kilogram.

Name	Symbol	Conversions	Notes
Thermochemical calorie	cal_th	≡ 4.184 J ≈ 0.003964 BTU ≈ 1.163×10⁻⁶ kWh ≈ 2.611×10¹⁹ eV	^[4]
4 °C calorie	cal₄	≈ 4.204 J ≈ 0.003985 BTU ≈ 1.168×10⁻⁶ kWh ≈ 2.624×10¹⁹ eV	the amount of energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 3.5 °C to 4.5 °C at standard atmospheric pressure.
15 °C calorie	cal₁₅	≈ 4.1855 J ≈ 0.0039671 BTU ≈ 1.1626×10⁻⁶ kWh ≈ 2.6124×10¹⁹ eV	the amount of energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 14.5 °C to 15.5 °C at standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Experimental values of this calorie ranged from 4.1852 J to 4.1858 J. The CIPM in 1950 published a mean experimental value of 4.1855 J, noting an uncertainty of 0.0005 J.^[4]
20 °C calorie	cal₂₀	≈ 4.182 J ≈ 0.003964 BTU ≈ 1.162×10⁻⁶ kWh ≈ 2.610×10¹⁹ eV	the amount of energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 19.5 °C to 20.5 °C at standard atmospheric pressure.
Mean calorie	cal_mean	≈ 4.190 J ≈ 0.003971 BTU ≈ 1.164×10⁻⁶ kWh ≈ 2.615×10¹⁹ eV	¹⁄₁₀₀ of the amount of energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 0 °C to 100 °C at standard atmospheric pressure.
International Steam Table calorie (1929)		≈ 4.1868 J ≈ 0.0039683 BTU ≈ 1.163×10⁻⁶ kWh ≈ 2.6132×10¹⁹ eV	¹⁄₈₆₀ international watt hours = ¹⁸⁰⁄₄₃ international joules exactly.^[5]
International Steam Table calorie (1956)	cal_IT	≡ 4.1868 J ≈ 0.0039683 BTU ≈ 1.163×10⁻⁶ kWh ≈ 2.6132×10¹⁹ eV	1.163 mW·h = 4.1868 J exactly. This definition was adopted by the Fifth International Conference on Properties of Steam (London, July 1956).^[4]
IUNS calorie		≡ 4.182 J ≈ 0.003964 BTU ≈ 1.162×10⁻⁶ kWh ≈ 2.610×10¹⁹ eV	This is a ratio adopted by the Committee on Nomenclature of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences.^[6]

Notes and references

^ Etymology: French calorie, from Latin calor meaning "heat".
^ ^a ^b Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary Def 1a http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/calorie
^ http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/organic/t5.html
^ ^a ^b ^c International Standard ISO 31-4: Quantities and units – Part 4: Heat. Annex B (informative): Other units given for information, especially regarding the conversion factor. International Organization for Standardization, 1992.
^ Figure depends on the conversion factor between international joules and absolute (modern) joules. Using the mean international ohm and volt (1.00049 Ω, 1.00034 V [1]), the international joule is about 1.00019 J, using the US international ohm and volt (1.000495 Ω, 1.000330 V) it is about 1.000165 J, giving 4.18684 J and 4.18674 J, respectively
^ FAO (1971). "The adoption of joules as units of energy". http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/009/ae906e/ae906e17.htm. "While the nutritional calorie has not been defined, basically it is the thermochemical calorie. The standards used in calorimetric work in nutrition is ultimately the heat of combustion of an internationally graded standard benzoic acid. This is primarily expressed as joules per gramme mole and secondarily as thermochemical calories per mole derived by dividing by 4.182, a factor which has been approved by the Committee on Nomenclature of the IUNS."

English Journal

Agave Inulin Supplementation Affects the Fecal Microbiota of Healthy Adults Participating in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial.

Holscher HD1, Bauer LL2, Gourineni V3, Pelkman CL3, Fahey GC Jr2, Swanson KS4.
The Journal of nutrition.J Nutr.2015 Sep;145(9):2025-32. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.217331. Epub 2015 Jul 22.
BACKGROUND: Prebiotics resist digestion, providing fermentable substrates for select gastrointestinal bacteria associated with health and well-being. Agave inulin differs from other inulin type fibers in chemical structure and botanical origin. Preclinical animal research suggests these differences
PMID 26203099

Dietary and non-dietary correlates of gastrointestinal distress during the cycle and run of a triathlon.

Wilson PB1.
European journal of sport science.Eur J Sport Sci.2015 Jul 29:1-7. [Epub ahead of print]
The purpose of this investigation was to assess whether pre-race dietary and non-dietary factors were associated with gastrointestinal (GI) distress during the cycle and run of a 70.3-mile triathlon. Fifty three participants recorded dietary details the day before and morning of the triathlon and re
PMID 26222930

Menu labels displaying the kilocalorie content or the exercise equivalent: effects on energy ordered and consumed in young adults.

James A, Adams-Huet B, Shah M.
American journal of health promotion : AJHP.Am J Health Promot.2015 May-Jun;29(5):294-302. doi: 10.4278/ajhp.130522-QUAN-267. Epub 2014 Feb 27.
PURPOSE: Determine the effect of menu labels displaying the energy content of food items or the exercise equivalent on energy ordered and consumed at lunch and energy intake for the remainder of the day in young adults.DESIGN: Subjects were randomized to a menu with no labels (no-labels), menu with
PMID 24575727

Japanese Journal

腸管気腫症および門脈ガス血症治癒後低血糖を起こした1例

信州医学雑誌 59(4), 265-271, 2011
NAID 40018952426

腸管気腫症および門脈ガス血症治癒後低血糖を起こした１例

信州医学雑誌 59(4), 265-271, 2011
NAID 130004551818

Fitness,Diet and Coronary Risk Factors in a Sample of Southeastern U.S. Children :

Applied human science : journal of physiological anthropology 16(4), 133-141, 1997
NAID 110002508684

「kcal」

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関: kilocalorie

[0] Etymology: French calorie, from Latin calor meaning "heat".

[mw-1] Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary Def 1a http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/calorie

[2] ttp://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/organic/t5.html

[iso31-4-3] International Standard ISO 31-4: Quantities and units – Part 4: Heat. Annex B (informative): Other units given for information, especially regarding the conversion factor. International Organization for Standardization, 1992.

[4] Figure depends on the conversion factor between international joules and absolute (modern) joules. Using the mean international ohm and volt (1.00049 Ω, 1.00034 V [1]), the international joule is about 1.00019 J, using the US international ohm and volt (1.000495 Ω, 1.000330 V) it is about 1.000165 J, giving 4.18684 J and 4.18674 J, respectively

[5] FAO (1971). "The adoption of joules as units of energy". http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/009/ae906e/ae906e17.htm. "While the nutritional calorie has not been defined, basically it is the thermochemical calorie. The standards used in calorimetric work in nutrition is ultimately the heat of combustion of an internationally graded standard benzoic acid. This is primarily expressed as joules per gramme mole and secondarily as thermochemical calories per mole derived by dividing by 4.182, a factor which has been approved by the Committee on Nomenclature of the IUNS."

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kilocalorie