| Jacaranda |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Plantae |
| (unranked): |
Angiosperms |
| (unranked): |
Eudicots |
| (unranked): |
Asterids |
| Order: |
Lamiales |
| Family: |
Bignoniaceae |
| Tribe: |
Tecomeae |
| Genus: |
Jacaranda |
Jacaranda is a genus of 49 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions of Central America, South America, Cuba, Hispaniola and the Bahamas.[1] It has been planted widely in Asia, especially in Nepal. It has been introduced to most tropical and subtropical regions. The genus name is also used as the common name.
Jacaranda trees in full bloom in Islamabad.
Contents
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Growth
- 3 Genus
- 4 Selected species
- 5 Cultivation and uses
- 6 Gallery
- 7 Notes
- 8 External links
Etymology[edit]
The name is believed to be of Guarani origin, meaning fragrant.[2] The word jacaranda was described in A supplement to Mr. Chambers's Cyclopædia, 1st ed., (1753) as "a name given by some authors to the tree the wood of which is the log-wood, used in dyeing and in medicine" and as being of Tupi-Guarani origin,[3][4] by way of Portuguese.[5] Although not consistent with the Guarani source, one common pronunciation of the name in English is given by //.[6]
Growth[edit]
The species are shrubs to large trees ranging in size from 20 to 30 m (66 to 98 ft) tall. The leaves are bipinnate in most species, pinnate or simple in a few species. The flowers are produced in conspicuous large panicles, each flower with a five-lobed blue to purple-blue corolla; a few species have white flowers. The fruit is an oblong to oval flattened capsule containing numerous slender seeds. The genus differs from other genera in the Bignoniaceae in having a staminode that is longer than the stamens, tricolpate pollen, and a chromosome number of 18.
Genus[edit]
Flower of
Jacaranda cuspidifolia.
The genus is divided into two sections, sect. Jacaranda (syn. sect. Monolobos, an invalid name as it includes the type species of the genus, J. caerulea) and sect. Dilobos DC., based on the number of thecae on the anthers. Sect. Jacaranda (which includes Blue Jacarandas) has 18 species and is found primarily in North, West and East of Iran, western South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Sect. Dilobos, which is believed to be the primitive form, has 31 species and is found primarily in southeastern Brazil including the Paraná River valley. The anatomy of the wood in the two sections also differs. Although usually treated in sect. Jacaranda, J. copaia differs somewhat from all other members of the genus, and may be intermediate between the two sections (Dos Santos & Miller 1997).
Selected species[edit]
Flowers of
Jacaranda ulei.
Flowers of
Jacaranda macrantha.
- Sect. Jacaranda
- Jacaranda acutifolia Bonpl.
- Jacaranda arborea Urb.
- Jacaranda brasiliana (Lam.) Pers.
- Jacaranda caerulea (L.) J.St.-Hil.
- Jacaranda caucana Pittier
- Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D.Don
- Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart. ex DC.
- Jacaranda hesperia Dugand.
- Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don
- Jacaranda obtusifolia Humboldt & Bonpl.
- Jacaranda orinocensis Sandw.
- Jacaranda poitaei Urb.
- Jacaranda praetermissa Sandw.
- Jacaranda sparrei A.H.Gentry
|
- Sect. Dilobos
- Jacaranda bracteata Bur. & K.Schum.
- Jacaranda campinae A.Gentry & Morawetz
- Jacaranda carajasensis A.Gentry
- Jacaranda caroba (Vell.) DC.
- Jacaranda crassifolia Morawetz
- Jacaranda duckei Vattimo
- Jacaranda duckel Vattimo
- Jacaranda glabra (DC.) Bur. & K.Schum.
- Jacaranda intricata A.Gentry & Morawetz
- Jacaranda irwinii A.Gentry
- Jacaranda jasminoides (Thunb.) Sandw.
- Jacaranda macrantha Cham.
- Jacaranda macrocarpa Bur. & K.Schum.
- Jacaranda micrantha Cham.
- Jacaranda montana Morawetz
- Jacaranda morii A.Gentry
- Jacaranda mutabilis Hassl.
- Jacaranda obovata Cham.
- Jacaranda oxyphylla Cham.
- Jacaranda paucifoliata Mart. ex DC.
- Jacaranda puberula Cham.
- Jacaranda racemosa Cham.
- Jacaranda rufa Manso
- Jacaranda simplicifolia K.Schum.
- Jacaranda subalpina Morawetz
- Jacaranda ulei Bur. & K.Schum.
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Cultivation and uses[edit]
Jacaranda can be propagated from grafting, cuttings and seeds though plants grown from seeds take a long time to bloom. Jacaranda grows in well drained soil and tolerates drought and brief spells of frost and freeze.[7]
Several species are widely grown as ornamental plants throughout the subtropical regions of the world, valued for their intense flower displays. The most often seen is the Blue Jacaranda Jacaranda mimosifolia (syn. J. acutifolia hort. non Bonpl.). Other members of the genus are also commercially important; for example the Copaia (Jacaranda copaia) is important for its timber because of its exceptionally long bole.
Pretoria in South Africa is popularly known as The Jacaranda City due to the enormous number of Jacaranda trees planted as street trees and in parks and gardens. In flowering time the city appears blue/purple in colour when seen from the nearby hills because of all the Jacaranda trees. The time of year the Jacarandas bloom in Pretoria coincides with the year-end exams at the University of Pretoria and legend has it that if a flower from the Jacaranda tree drops on your head, you will pass all your exams.[citation needed]
Jacarandas in bloom have become closely associated with Ipswich and South East Queensland. The Ipswich City Council have used jacarandas to line avenues, and commercial developments in some areas, particularly along the Bremer River have incorporated jacarandas into their landscape design. The trees are common in parks throughout the city, most notably in a long curved avenue in New Farm Park in Brisbane, in Goodna, and in private gardens.
Church surrounded by jacarandas in bloom, Wooroolin, Australia.
The city of Grafton on the north coast of New South Wales, Australia, is also famous for its Jacarandas. Each year in late October and early November the city has a Jacaranda festival[8] during the period of full bloom. A street parade, local public holiday and a series of events are held. A local public holiday sees the city's businesses perform street theatre for passers by and street stalls proliferate. A Jacaranda Queen and Jacaranda Princess are named at a formal ball.
The Perth suburb of Applecross, Western Australia has streets lined with Jacaranda trees, and hosts a "Jacaranda Festival" each year in November. The festival is held in the Applecross Village district, and surrounding local businesses sell products and foods in aid of the local Rotary Club chapter.
The tree canopies in some of Sydney's north shore and harbour suburbs in the east have a purple glow during late spring.
The main street of the town of Red Cliffs, Victoria, Australia (part of the Calder Highway) was named Jacaranda Street in the original town plans of the early 1920s and Jacaranda trees have since been planted to line this street.
Jacarandas are also popular in the southern and central parts of Florida and the southwestern United States, notably in Phoenix, Arizona and San Diego, California. Jacaranda can be found throughout most of Southern California, where they were imported by the horticulturalist Kate Sessions.[9] In California, jacarandas are known as the trees that bloom twice a year, although the fall bloom is generally not as striking as the spring bloom. Tampa, St. Petersburg, and other southern Florida cities are ribboned by purple flowers during peak bloom of April. Jacaranda trees are principally found in parks and interspersed along the avenues and streets. Jacarandas were introduced to Israel over 50 years ago, where they are in full bloom during May. They are popular and can be found in cities all over Israel.
In many parts of the world, such as Mexico, Los Angeles, Lisbon, Seville and Zimbabwe the blooming of this tree is welcomed as a sign of spring.
Brazilian Jacaranda is also used as the wood for the body of acoustic guitars.
Jacaranda can also be found in the South China Karst (a World Heritage site). The Chinese use the leaves to make a distinctive purple dye.
Gallery[edit]
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Large Jacaranda in full bloom
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Santiago de Querétaro in Mexico, with Jacaranda trees all over town
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Brisbane, Australia is noted for its jacarandas which are common in public areas, parks and suburban backyards.
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Jacaranda trees in Montagu Ave, Salisbury, Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe) in 1975
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Purple jacaranda flowers carpet the ground as they fall.
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Jacaranda trees in Bhutan
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Jacaranda in Mountain View, California, USA
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Jacaranda in spring, in Auckland, New Zealand
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Jacaranda in Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Jacaranda in Buenos Aires downtown, Argentina
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Jacaranda in a square in Lisbon, Portugal
Notes[edit]
- ^ A.H. Gentry & W. Morawetz, Jacaranda, in Gentry, A. H. 1992. Flora Neotropica: Bignoniaceae - Part II ( tribe Tecomeae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 25 (2): 1-130.
- ^ Jacaranda mimosifolia
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2nd Ed. (1989)
- ^ "Jacaranda". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
- ^ "Jacaranda". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
- ^ Wells, John C. (2009). "jacaranda". Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. London: Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
- ^ Jacaranda Tree, The Lovely Plants
- ^ "Jacaranda Festival Grafton".
- ^ Howser, Huell. "#15006 Jacaranda". California's Gold.
External links[edit]
- Germplasm Resources Information Network: Jacaranda
- Dos Santos, G., & Miller, R. B. (1997). Wood anatomy of Jacaranda (Bignoniaceae): Systematic relationships in sections Monolobos and Dilobos as suggested by twig and stem rays. IAWA Journal 18: 369-383. Available online (pdf file).
- Goodna RSL Jacaranda Festival at Evan Marginson Park, Goodna
- Agroforestry Tree Database
- Jacaranda Festival, Grafton
- Song of the Jacaranda by Maria Elena Walsh and Palito Ortega, popular Argentinean children song
