単純化できない、(数学)約せない、(外科;ヘルニア)非還納性の

WordNet

incapable of being made smaller or simpler; "an irreducible minimum"; "an irreducible formula"; "an irreducible hernia"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(それ以上)削減(減少)できない / 《補語にのみ用いて》(…に)変えられない,簡約化できない《+『to』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/20 03:28:42」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The principle of Irreducibility, in philosophy, has the sense that a complete account of an entity will not be possible at lower levels of explanation and which has novel properties beyond prediction and explanation. Another way to state this is that Occam's razor requires the elimination of only those entities that are unnecessary, not as many entities as could conceivably be eliminated. Lev Vygotsky provides the following illustration of the idea, in his Thought and Language:

"Two essentially different modes of analysis are possible in the study of psychological structures. It seems to us that one of them is responsible for all the failures that have beset former investigators of the old problem, which we are about to tackle in our turn, and that the other is the only correct way to approach it.

The first method analyzes complex psychological wholes into "elements". It may be compared to the chemical analysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen, neither of which possesses the properties of the whole and each of which possesses properties not present in the whole. The student applying this method in looking for an explanation of some property of water — why it extinguishes fire, for example — will find to his surprise that hydrogen burns and oxygen sustains fire ....

In our opinion the right course to follow is to use the other type of analysis, which may be called "analysis into units". By "unit", we mean a product of analysis which, unlike elements, retains all the basic properties of the whole, and which cannot be further divided without losing them. Not the chemical composition of water, but its molecules and their behaviour, are the key to the understanding of the properties of water ..."

In other words: to conserve the properties under investigation, it is necessary to remain within a certain level of complexity. Irreducibility is most often deployed in defence of the reality of human subjectivity and/or free will, against those who treat such things as folk psychology, such as Paul and Patricia Churchland.

References

Thought and Language

This philosophy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 膝関節（脛骨大腿骨）脱臼および整復 knee tibiofemoral dislocation and reduction
2. 指脱臼の整復 digit dislocation reduction
3. 小児における鼡径ヘルニアの概要 overview of inguinal hernia in children
4. 母指痛患者の評価 evaluation of the patient with thumb pain
5. 成人における足趾骨折 toe fractures in adults

English Journal

Pseudosymmetry analysis of molecular orbitals.

Casanova D, Alemany P, Falceto A, Carreras A, Alvarez S.SourceDepartament de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. davidcasanovacasas@ub.edu.
Journal of computational chemistry.J Comput Chem.2013 Jun 5;34(15):1321-31. doi: 10.1002/jcc.23257. Epub 2013 Feb 22.
We introduce a pseudosymmetry analysis of molecular orbitals by means of the newly proposed irreducible representation measures. To do that we define first what we consider as molecular pseudosymmetry and the relationships of this concept with those of approximate symmetry and quasisymmetry. We deve
PMID 23436743

Distraction, compression, and extension reduction of basilar invagination and atlantoaxial dislocation: a novel pilot technique.

Chandra PS, Kumar A, Chauhan A, Ansari A, Mishra NK, Sharma BS.Source*Department of Neurosurgery, and ‡Department of Neuroradiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India.
Neurosurgery.Neurosurgery.2013 Jun;72(6):1040-53. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e31828bf342.
BACKGROUND: : The management of basilar invagination (BI) and atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD) is a challenge.OBJECTIVE: : To describe a new innovative method to reduce BI and AAD through a single-stage posterior approach.METHODS: : Thirty-five patients had irreducible BI and AAD (May 2010 to April 20
PMID 23426148

Amyand's hernias in childhood (a report on 21 patients): a single-centre experience.

Okur MH, Karaçay S, Uygun I, Topçu K, Oztürk H.SourceFaculty of Medicıne, Dıcle Universty, Diyarbakır, Turkey, m.hanifi-okur@hotmail.com.
Pediatric surgery international.Pediatr Surg Int.2013 Jun;29(6):571-4. doi: 10.1007/s00383-013-3274-z. Epub 2013 Feb 17.
PURPOSE: Amyand's hernia is a very rare type of hernia and is characterised by the presence of a vermiform appendix in the inguinal hernia sac. It may present as a tender inguinal or inguinoscrotal swelling, and is usually misdiagnosed as an irreducible or strangulated inguinal hernia. This is a pre
PMID 23417545

Structural study of SrPrZnRuO6, SrPrCoRuO6, SrPrMgRuO6 and SrPrNiRuO6 double perovskite oxides by symmetry-adapted mode analysis.

Iturbe-Zabalo E, Igartua JM, Larrañaga A, Pomjakushin V, Castro G, Cuello GJ.SourceFisika Aplikatua II Saila, Zientzia eta Teknologia Fakultatea, UPV/EHU, PO Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain. Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal.J Phys Condens Matter.2013 May 22;25(20):205401. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/20/205401. Epub 2013 Apr 19.
Powder SrPrZnRuO6, SrPrCoRuO6, SrPrMgRuO6 and SrPrNiRuO6 double perovskites were synthesized by the solid-state reaction method, and their crystal structure was investigated by Rietveld analysis (using the symmetry-mode procedure) by x-ray, synchrotron and neutron powder diffraction data. SrPrMRuO6
PMID 23603489