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a crisis in which a desperate effort is the only alternative to defeat; "the Russians had to pull off a Dunkirk to get out of there"
an amphibious evacuation in World War II (1940) when 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches in northern France in a desperate retreat under enemy fire (同)Dunkerque
a seaport in northern France on the North Sea; scene of the evacuation of British forces in 1940 during World War II (同)Dunkerque
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a smile expressing smugness or scorn instead of pleasure
make a shrill creaking, squeaking, or noise, as of a door, mouse, or bird

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/08/07 22:54:18」(JST)

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"Irk" redirects here. For other uses, see Irk (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 53°29′12.93″N 2°14′42.13″W / 53.486925°N 2.2450361°W

The River Irk is a river in Greater Manchester in North West England that flows through the northern suburbs of Manchester before merging with the River Irwell in Manchester city centre.

Rising to the east of Royton, north of Oldham and running west past Chadderton (where it passes under the Rochdale Canal) and Middleton, its course has been extensively altered as the Industrial Revolution took its toll on the region's landscape.

History

Historically, the Irk has also been known as Iwrck or the Irke, names thought to have been derived from the Roebuck, suggesting that the Irk was at one time a swift-running river.^[1] According to The New Gazetteer of Lancashire (1830) the Irk had more mill seats upon it than any other stream of its length in the Kingdom." and that "the eels in this river were formerly remarkable for their fatness, which was attributed to the grease and oils expressed by the mills from the woollen cloths and mixed with the waters."^[2] However, by the start of the 20th century the Irk Valley between Crumpsall and Blackley had been left a neglected river, "not only the blackest but the most sluggish of all rivers". Recently^[when?] a project has been set up to rejuvenate the river and remove the pollution.

The Marxist writer Friedrich Engels vividly described the banks of the Irk in Manchester at the height of the city's industrial excess:

"The south bank of the Irk is here very steep and between fifteen and thirty feet high. On this declivitous hillside there are planted three rows of houses, of which the lowest rise directly out of the river, while the front walls of the highest stand on the crest of the hill in Long Millgate. Among them are mills on the river, in short, the method of construction is as crowded and disorderly here as in the lower part of Long Millgate. Right and left a multitude of covered passages lead from the main street into numerous courts, and he who turns in thither gets into a filth and disgusting grime, the equal of which is not to be found - especially in the courts which lead down to the Irk, and which contain unqualifiedly the most horrible dwellings which I have yet beheld. In one of these courts there stands directly at the entrance, at the end of the covered passage, a privy without a door, so dirty that the inhabitants can pass into and out of the court only by passing through foul pools of stagnant urine and excrement. This is the first court on the Irk above Ducie Bridge - in case any one should care to look into it. Below it on the river there are several tanneries which fill the whole neighbourhood with the stench of animal putrefaction. Below Ducie Bridge the only entrance to most of the houses is by means of narrow, dirty stairs and over heaps of refuse and filth. The first court below Ducie Bridge, known as Allen's Court, was in such a state at the time of the cholera that the sanitary police ordered it evacuated, swept and disinfected with chloride of lime. Dr. Kay gives a terrible description of the state of this court at that time. Since then, it seems to have been partially torn away and rebuilt; at least looking down from Ducie Bridge, the passer-by sees several ruined walls and heaps of debris with some newer houses. The view from this bridge, mercifully concealed from mortals of small stature by a parapet as high as a man, is characteristic for the whole district. At the bottom flows, or rather stagnates, the Irk, a narrow, coal-black, foul-smelling stream, full of debris and refuse, which it deposits on the shallower right bank."

Confluence with the River Irwell

The river has long since been culverted as it reaches the city centre. It disappears beneath Manchester Victoria railway station into a brick tunnel at Ducie Bridge and empties into the Irwell beneath a railway viaduct.

On August 15, 1953 the front coach of a Manchester to Bury electric train fell from the viaduct over the River Irk after colliding with a local steam train. Ten people were killed and 58 injured in what became known as the Irk Valley Junction disaster.^[3]

Tributaries

Moss Brook
Moston Brook
Boggart Hole Brook
- Oliver Brook
Heaton Brook
Boardman Brook
Wince Brook
- Springs Brook
Whit Brook
- Trub Brook
Tandle Hill Brook
Thorp Brook
Luzley Brook
- Long Brook

References

^ "History of the valley". The Irk Valley Project. http://www.irkvalley.info/about.html. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
^ Clarke, Steven Reynolds (1830). The New Lancashire Gazetteer. Holborn: Henry Teesdale and Co.. p. 72. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GxENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP9&lpg=PP9&q=Irk#PPA72,M1.
^ "Irk Valley Junction 1953". Danger Ahead! – Historic Railway Disasters. http://danger-ahead.railfan.net/gallery/irk_valley.html. Retrieved 2007-12-12.

External links

Buried River Irk Photos
The Irk Valley Project

English Journal

A New Approach to the Design of Neutral 10-C-5 Trigonal-Bipyramidal Carbon Compounds: A "π-Electron Cap" Effect.

Sidorkin VF, Doronina EP, Belogolova EF.SourceA. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Favorsky, 1, Irkutsk 664033 (Russian Federation), Fax: (+7) 3952-419346. svf@irioch.irk.ru.
Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany).Chemistry.2013 Jul 29;19(31):10302-11. doi: 10.1002/chem.201300461. Epub 2013 Jun 20.
DFT (B3LYP, M06-2X) and MP2 methods are applied to the design of a wide series of the potentially 10-C-5 neutral compounds based on 6-azabicyclotetradecanes: XC(1) (YCH2 CH2 CH2 )3 N 1-3, XC(1) (YC6 H4 CH2 )3 N 4-6, XC(1) [Y(tBuC6 H3 )CH2 ]3 N 7-9 and carbatranophanes 10-25 (X=Me, F, Cl; Y=O, NH, CH
PMID 23788119

First example of a high-level correlated calculation of the indirect spin-spin coupling constants involving tellurium: tellurophene and divinyl telluride.

Rusakov YY, Krivdin LB, Osterstrøm FF, Sauer SP, Potapov VA, Amosova SV.SourceA.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 1 Favorsky St., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia. krivdin_office@irioch.irk.ru.
Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.Phys Chem Chem Phys.2013 Jul 17;15(31):13101-7. doi: 10.1039/c3cp51462e.
This paper documents the very first example of a high-level correlated calculation of spin-spin coupling constants involving tellurium taking into account relativistic effects, vibrational corrections and solvent effects for medium sized organotellurium molecules. The (125)Te-(1)H spin-spin coupling
PMID 23824065

Reaction of α-bromo enones with 1,2-diamines. Cascade assembly of 3-(trifluoromethyl)piperazin-2-ones via rearrangement.

Rulev AY, Muzalevskiy VM, Kondrashov EV, Ushakov IA, Romanov AR, Khrustalev VN, Nenajdenko VG.SourceA. E. Favorsky Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk 664033, Russia. rulev@irioch.irk.ru
Organic letters.Org Lett.2013 Jun 7;15(11):2726-9. doi: 10.1021/ol401041f. Epub 2013 May 30.
A facile one-pot synthesis of 3-trifluoromethylated piperazin-2-ones has been achieved by the treatment of trifluoromethyl 2-bromo enones with N,N'-disubstituted ethylenediamines in trifluoroethanol. The mechanism of this unexpected reaction is discussed in terms of multistep processes involving for
PMID 23718550

Japanese Journal

並列化した多倍長陰的Runge-Kutta法の性能分析

研究報告ハイパフォーマンスコンピューティング（HPC） 2013-HPC-139(18), 1-8, 2013-05-22
NAID 110009579868

3次元弾性波動問題に対する演算子積分時間領域高速多重極境界要素法

理論応用力学講演会講演論文集 62(0), 172, 2013
NAID 130004604991

3次元スカラー波動問題に対する陰的Runge-Kutta法を用いた演算子積分時間領域高速多重極境界要素法

土木学会論文集A2（応用力学） 69(2), I_175-I_185, 2013
NAID 130004557344

Related Pictures

Planet Irk by InvaderBlo SJ8499 : River Irk, Manchester Description River Irk, Chadderton.jpg File:River Irk.JPG SD9208 : River Irk source bridge crosses the Irk in the vicinty of

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	River Irk
	River
Country	England
Source
- location	Royton
Mouth
- location	River Irwell
- coordinates	53°29′12.93″N 2°14′42.13″W / 53.486925°N 2.2450361°W