intimidation

　 　 　

WordNet

1. the feeling of being intimidated; being made to feel afraid or timid
2. the feeling of discouragement in the face of someones superior fame or wealth or status etc.

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 威かく,脅迫

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/05/01 01:22:30」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Intimidation (also called cowing) is intentional behavior "which would cause a person of ordinary sensibilities" fear of injury or harm. It's not necessary to prove that the behavior was so violent as to cause terror or that the victim was actually frightened.

Criminal threatening (or threatening behavior) is the crime of intentionally or knowingly putting another person in fear of imminent bodily injury. "Threat of harm generally involves a perception of injury...physical or mental damage...act or instance of injury, or a material and detriment or loss to a person." "A terroristic threat is a crime generally involving a threat to commit violence communicated with the intent to terrorize another."

Description

Threatening behaviors may be conceptualized as a maladaptive outgrowth of normal competitive urge for interrelational dominance generally seen in animals. Alternatively, intimidation may result from the type of society in which individuals are socialized, as human beings are generally reluctant to engage in confrontation or threaten violence.

Like all behavioral traits it exists in greater or lesser manifestation in each individual person over time, but may be a more significant "compensatory behavior" for some as opposed to others. Behavioral theorists often see threatening behaviours as a consequence of being threatened by others, including parents, authority figures, playmates and siblings. “Use of force is justified when a person reasonably believes that it is necessary for the defense of oneself or another against the immediate use of unlawful force.”

Intimidation may be employed consciously or unconsciously, and a percentage of people who employ it consciously may do so as the result of selfishly rationalized notions of its appropriation, utility or self-empowerment. Intimidation related to prejudice and discrimination may include conduct "which annoys, threatens, intimidates, alarms, or puts a person in fear of their safety...because of a belief or perception regarding such person's race, color, national origin, ancestry, gender, religion, religious practice, age, disability or sexual orientation, regardless of whether the belief or perception is correct."

Intimidation may be manifested in such manner as physical contacts, glowering countenance, emotional manipulation, verbal abuse, making someone feel lower than you, purposeful embarrassment and/or actual physical assault. “Behavior may include, but is not limited to, epithets, derogatory comments or slurs and lewd propositions, assault, impeding or blocking movement, offensive touching or any physical interference with normal work or movement, and visual insults, such as derogatory posters or cartoons.”

There is no legal definition in English law as to what behavior constitutes "Intimidation", so it is up to the courts to decide on a case by case basis. However, if somebody threatens violence against somebody, then this may be a criminal offence.

In most U.S. jurisdictions, the crime remains a misdemeanor unless a deadly weapon is involved or actual violence is committed, in which case it is usually considered a felony.

Criminal threatening can be the result of verbal threats of violence, physical conduct (such as hand gestures or raised fists), actual physical contact, or even simply the placing of a sign, an object or graffiti on the property of another person with the purpose of coercing or terrorizing.

Criminal threatening is also defined by arson, vandalism, the delivery of noxious biological or chemical substances (or any substance that appears to be a toxic substance), or any other crime against the property of another person with the purpose of coercing or terrorizing any person in reckless disregard for causing fear, terror or inconvenience. Coercion is the use of “pressure, threats, or intimidation” to compel or “force somebody to do something” or “make something to happen.”

"Terrorizing" generally means to cause alarm, fright, or dread in another person or inducing apprehension of violence from a hostile or threatening event, person or object. “It is not requisite, in order to constitute this crime, that personal violence should be committed.”

Evolutionary function

Joseph Jordania recently suggested that the strategy based on intimidation ("AVID" - Audio-Visual Intimidating Display) played and still plays an important role in the life of many animal species. According to Jordania, many living organisms (from individual animals to groups of social animals, including contemporary World states) try to avoid direct physical confrontation which might lead to injuries, devastation and demise of both conflicting parties. In order to avoid the devastating all-out direct confrontation, the forces of natural selection came up with replacement of violent fights with the ritualized display of intimidating characteristics. Animals (including humans) during the ritualized confrontation try to intimidate their opponents with bigger body size (they are adopting postures that increases their height, like standing on hind legs, or raising body hair), showing teeth and other weapons of aggression and defense, and produce loud sounds, including coordinated group vocalizations (like human singing) and stomping and drumming on external objects.

In popular culture

Intimidation Bolt is a power-up card in the collectible trading card game Magic: The Gathering. In Pokémon, intimidation is an ability that twenty-four different pokémon possess. Ekans, Arbok, Growlithe, Arcanine, Tauros, Gyarados, Snubbull, Granbull, Qwilfish, Stantler, Hitmontop, Mightyena, Masquerain, Mawile, Salamence, Staravia, Staraptor, Shinx, Luxio, Luxray, Herdier, Stoutland, Sandile, Krokorok, Krookodile, Scraggy, and Scrafty. Batman's costume was created to intimidate and frighten enemies. In the 2004 film I, Robot, Detective Spooner (played by Will Smith), breaks into the USR robot manufacturing company and holds out a gun. Dr. Susan Calvin informs Spooner that the robots cannot be subjected to intimidation. People commonly associate The Lying Game TV series with intimidating characters.

See also

• Bullying
• Coercion
• Battle trance
• Domestic violence
• Emotional blackmail
• Fear mongering
• Gaslighting
• Intimidation of Parliament
• Psychological abuse
• Psychological trauma
• Terrorism
• Witness intimidation

References

Further reading

• Ringer, Robert J. (2004). To Be or Not to Be Intimidated?: That Is the Question. M Evans & Co Inc. ISBN 1-59077-035-8. 

External links

• Just Fight On! Centre Against Workplace Bullying UK
• mobbing.ca (Mobbing resources in Canada)
• Together – Initimidation and Harassment

UpToDate Contents

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• 5. 障害児における安全性の向上 promoting safety in children with disabilities

English Journal

• Relationships between perceived teachers' controlling behaviour, psychological need thwarting, anger and bullying behaviour in high-school students.

• Hein V1, Koka A2, Hagger MS3.
• Journal of adolescence.J Adolesc.2015 Jul;42:103-14. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.04.003. Epub 2015 May 18.
• We tested a model of the associations between students' perceptions of their physical education teacher's controlling behaviour, perceptions of basic psychological need thwarting, anger and bullying behaviour. School students (N = 602; M age = 12.88, SD = 1.37) from 10 schools completed measur
• PMID 25968108

• Under the Knife: Medical Student Perceptions of Intimidation and Mistreatment.

• Stone JP1, Charette JH2, McPhalen DF3, Temple-Oberle C4.
• Journal of surgical education.J Surg Educ.2015 Jul-Aug;72(4):749-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2015.02.003.
• BACKGROUND: The progression from classroom to clinical setting can be a difficult transition for medical students. Experience in the operating room is anticipated as one of the most challenging environments for a novel medical learner. We sought to identify common concerns before exposure in this le
• PMID 26073477

• "I Was Naive in Thinking, 'I Divorced This Man, He Is Out of My Life'": A Qualitative Exploration of Post-Separation Power and Control Tactics Experienced by Women.

• Toews ML1, Bermea AM2.
• Journal of interpersonal violence.J Interpers Violence.2015 Jun 18. pii: 0886260515591278. [Epub ahead of print]
• The purpose of this study was to explore women's perceptions of the power and control tactics used by their former husbands post-separation. A total of 22 in-depth interviews with divorced mothers who reported male-initiated partner abuse (psychological and/or physical) during and/or after their mar
• PMID 26088900

• Residents' reluctance to challenge negative hierarchy in the operating room: a qualitative study.

• Bould MD1, Sutherland S, Sydor DT, Naik V, Friedman Z.
• Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthésie.Can J Anaesth.2015 Jun;62(6):576-86. doi: 10.1007/s12630-015-0364-5. Epub 2015 Mar 20.
• PURPOSE: Our aim was to clarify how hierarchy influences residents' reluctance to challenge authority with respect to clearly erroneous medical decision-making.METHODS: After research ethics approval, we recruited 44 anesthesia residents for a high-fidelity simulation scenario at two Ontario univers
• PMID 25792523

Japanese Journal

• 刑事判例研究9 : 証人等威迫罪における「威迫」の意義

• 渡邊 卓也
• 立命館法學 2012(1), 608-625, 2012-00-00
• NAID 110009523753

• 配偶者からの暴力に対する法的対応と課題 : フランスにおける法的対応との比較から(シンポジウム「虐待防止法に関する総合的研究」)

• 神尾 真知子
• 法政論叢 47(2), 136-154, 2011-05-15
• … In case where a victim who has been subjected to bodily harm or life-threatening intimidation by a spouse is highly likely to receive serious harm to life or body from renewed spousal violence, a protection order shall be issued to the abuser by a district court, subject to a written petition to the court. …
• NAID 110008686437

• 記憶を共有しない者たちの「連帯」は可能か?--共通了解としての識別と威嚇の普遍的親和性 (特集 いま、指紋押捺を再考する)

• 赤尾 光春
• 大阪大学日本学報 (29), 79-81, 2010-03-00
• NAID 40017067384

• ネット上の不特定多数者に対する情報発信についてのブランデンバーグテストの批判的考察

• 辻 雄一郎
• 法政論叢 46(1), 108-137, 2009-11-15
• … This convenient tool has dark sides such as email bombs, and intimidation homepages. …
• NAID 110007520588

Related Links

• intimidationの意味・用例｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

intimidation 【名】脅し、脅迫、威嚇 脅かしによって人の意思を無視してある行... - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。

• Intimidation | Define Intimidation at Dictionary.com

Intimidation definition, to make timid; fill with fear. See more. Thesaurus Translate Puzzles & Games Word of the Day Blog Slideshows Apps by Dictionary My Account Log Out Log In follow Dictionary.com Dictionary Thesaurus ...

• intimidationの意味 - 英和辞書 - 英語辞書 - goo辞書

intimidationとは。意味や和訳。[名][U]おどすこと，威嚇. ⇒in・tim・i・date - goo英和辞書は14万項目以上を収録し、発音、音声、慣用句、例文が分かる英和辞書です。

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