WordNet

throughout the world; "She is internationally known"
concerning or belonging to all or at least two or more nations; "international affairs"; "an international agreement"; "international waters"

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『国際的な』,国家間の,万国の / 国際関係の / 国際競技,国際試合 / 国際試合出場者

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/08/20 11:10:22」(JST)

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Look up international in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

For other uses, see International (disambiguation).

International mostly means something (a company, language or organization) involving more than one country. The term international as a word means involvement of, interaction between or encompassing more than one nation, or generally beyond national boundaries. For example, international law, which is applied by more than one country and usually everywhere on Earth, and international language which is a language spoken by residents of more than one country.

In American English, "International" is also commonly used as a euphemism for "foreign" or even "foreigner."^[1]^[2]

Origin of the word

The term international was coined by the utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham in his Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation, which was printed for publication in 1780 and published in 1789. Bentham wrote: "The word international, it must be acknowledged, is a new one; though, it is hoped, sufficiently analogous and intelligible. It is calculated to express, in a more significant way, the branch of law which goes commonly under the name of the law of nations.^[3] The word was adopted in French in 1801.^[4] Thomas Erskine Holland noted in his article on Bentham in the 11th edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica that "Many of Bentham's phrases, such as 'international,' 'utilitarian,' 'codification,' are valuable additions to our language; but the majority of them, especially those of Greek derivation, have taken no root in it."

Meaning in particular fields

In team sports, "international" is a match between two national teams, or two players capped by a national team.

In politics, "The International" may refer to a political international.

In linguistics, an international language is one spoken by the people of more than one nation, usually by many. Also called world language. English, Spanish, French and Arabic are considered to be world languages.^[5]

In interlinguistics, international often has to do with languages rather than nations themselves. An "international word" is one that occurs in more than one language. These words are collected from widely spoken source or control languages, and often used to establish language systems that people can use to communicate internationally, and sometimes for other purposes such as to learn other languages more quickly. The vocabulary of Interlingua has a particularly wide range, because the control languages of Interlingua were selected to give its words and affixes their maximum geographic scope.^[6] In part, the language Ido is also a product of interlinguistic research.

In arts, an international art movement is an art movement with artists from more than one country, usually by many. Some international art movements are Letterist International, Situationist International, Stuckism International.

"International" is not the same as "global"; the latter implies "one world" as a single unit, while "international" recognizes the differences between different places.

References

^ The Columbia Guide to Standard American English
^ The Columbia Guide to Standard American English
^ Oxford English Dictionary.
^ Le Nouveau Petit Robert 2010.
^ Language Map
^ Gode, Alexander, Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1951.

External links

Meaning of international on The Free Dictionary
Meaning of international on Cambridge dictionary.

Sources

Ankerl, Guy. Global communication without universal civilization. INU societal research. Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. ISBN 2-88155-004-5.

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English Journal

The effectiveness of helmets in bicycle collisions with motor vehicles: A case-control study.

Bambach MR, Mitchell RJ, Grzebieta RH, Olivier J.SourceTransport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, University of New South Wales, Australia. Electronic address: m.bambach@unsw.edu.au.
Accident; analysis and prevention.Accid Anal Prev.2013 Apr;53:78-88. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.01.005. Epub 2013 Jan 16.
There has been an ongoing debate in Australia and internationally regarding the effectiveness of bicycle helmets in preventing head injury. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of bicycle helmets in preventing head injury amongst cyclists in crashes involving motor vehicles, and to assess th
PMID 23377086

Methods of achieving and maintaining an appropriate caesarean section rate.

Robson M, Hartigan L, Murphy M.SourceNational Maternity Hospital, Holles Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. Electronic address: MRobson@nmh.ie.
Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology.Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol.2013 Apr;27(2):297-308. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.09.004. Epub 2012 Nov 3.
Caesarean section rates continue to increase worldwide. The appropriate caesarean section rate remains a topic of debate among women and professionals. Evidence-based medicine has not provided an answer and depends on interpretation of the literature. Overall caesarean section rates are unhelpful, a
PMID 23127896

Evidence-based approach to revising the SCAT2: introducing the SCAT3.

Guskiewicz KM, Register-Mihalik J, McCrory P, McCrea M, Johnston K, Makdissi M, Dvorák J, Davis G, Meeuwisse W.SourceDepartment of Exercise and Sport Science, Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, University of North Carolina, , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
British journal of sports medicine.Br J Sports Med.2013 Apr;47(5):289-93. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092225.
The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 2 (SCAT2), which evolved from the 2008 Concussion in Sport Group (CISG) Consensus meeting, has been widely used internationally for the past 4 years. Although the instrument is considered very practical and moderately effective for use by clinicians who manage co
PMID 23479486

Japanese Journal

Declining Rates of Tobacco Use in the Japanese Medical Profession, 1965–2009

Smith Derek R.,Wada Koji
Journal of Epidemiology, 2013
… Background: Although there has been a downward trend in smoking rates among medical doctors in recent years, rates have been higher among Japanese doctors when compared internationally.<BR>Methods: We extensively reviewed all published English- and Japanese-language articles that reported the smoking rates of Japanese doctors.<BR>Results: A total of 36 articles were examined, most of which had been conducted as postal surveys, usually by a national, prefectural, or local medical association. …
NAID 130002527762

渉外的要素を有する特許権侵害訴訟に関する一考察

特許第2委員会第1小委員会
知財管理 = Intellectual property management 62(11), 1565-1581, 2012-11-00
NAID 40019479193

Corpus-Based Comparative Analysis of Reporting Verbs in English Essays Written by Four Language Nationalities

山下美朋
JACET JOURNAL (55), 71-92, 2012-10-30
… Learner corpus study has been gaining popularity in recent years both internationally and domestically, revealing learner characteristics of both speaking and writing. …
NAID 110009553860