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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/30 20:11:33」(JST)

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Chili pepper intercropped with coffee in Colombia's southwestern Cauca Department

Coconut and Tagetes erecta, a multilayer cropping^[1] in India

Intercropping is a multiple cropping practice involving growing two or more crops in proximity. The most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop.^[2] Careful planning is required, taking into account the soil, climate, crops, and varieties. It is particularly important not to have crops competing with each other for physical space, nutrients, water, or sunlight. Examples of intercropping strategies are planting a deep-rooted crop with a shallow-rooted crop, or planting a tall crop with a shorter crop that requires partial shade. Inga alley cropping has been proposed as an alternative to the ecological destruction of slash-and-burn farming.^[3]

When crops are carefully selected, other agronomic benefits are also achieved. Lodging-prone plants, those that are prone to tip over in wind or heavy rain, may be given structural support by their companion crop.^[4] Creepers can also benefit from structural support. Some plants are used to suppress weeds or provide nutrients.^[5] Delicate or light-sensitive plants may be given shade or protection, or otherwise wasted space can be utilized. An example is the tropical multi-tier system where coconut occupies the upper tier, banana the middle tier, and pineapple, ginger, or leguminous fodder, medicinal or aromatic plants occupy the lowest tier.

Intercropping of compatible plants also encourages biodiversity, by providing a habitat for a variety of insects and soil organisms that would not be present in a single-crop environment. This in turn can help limit outbreaks of crop pests by increasing predator biodiversity.^[6] Additionally, reducing the homogeneity of the crop increases the barriers against biological dispersal of pest organisms through the crop.

The degree of spatial and temporal overlap in the two crops can vary somewhat, but both requirements must be met for a cropping system to be an intercrop. Numerous types of intercropping, all of which vary the temporal and spatial mixture to some degree, have been identified.^[7]^[8] These are some of the more significant types:

Mixed intercropping, as the name implies, is the most basic form in which the component crops are totally mixed in the available space.
Row cropping involves the component crops arranged in alternate rows. Variations include alley cropping, where crops are grown in between rows of trees, and strip cropping, where multiple rows, or a strip, of one crop are alternated with multiple rows of another crop.
Intercropping also uses the practice of sowing a fast-growing crop with a slow-growing crop, so that the fast-growing crop is harvested before the slow-growing crop starts to mature. This obviously involves some temporal separation of the two crops.
Further temporal separation is found in relay cropping, where the second crop is sown during the growth, often near the onset of reproductive development or fruiting, of the first crop, so that the first crop is harvested to make room for the full development of the second.

References

^ Improving nutrition through home gardening, Home Garden Technology Leaflet 13: Multilayer cropping, FAO, 2001
^ Ouma, George; Jeruto, P (2010). "Sustainable horticultural crop production through intercropping: The case of fruits and vegetable crops: A review" (PDF). Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 1 (5): 1098–1105.
^ Elkan, Daniel. Slash-and-burn farming has become a major threat to the world's rainforest The Guardian 21 April 2004
^ Trenbath, B.R. 1976. Plant interactions in mixed cropping communities. pp. 129–169 in R.I. Papendick, A. Sanchez, G.B. Triplett (Eds.), Multiple Cropping. ASA Special Publication 27. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
^ Mt. Pleasant, Jane (2006). "The science behind the Three Sisters mound system: An agronomic assessment of an indigenous agricultural system in the northeast". In John E. Staller, Robert H. Tykot, and Bruce F. Benz. Histories of maize: Multidisciplinary approaches to the prehistory, linguistics, biogeography, domestication, and evolution of maize. Amsterdam. pp. 529–537.
^ Miguel Angel Altieri; Clara Ines Nicholls (2004). Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems, Second Edition. Psychology Press.
^ Andrews, D.J., A.H. Kassam. 1976. The importance of multiple cropping in increasing world food supplies. pp. 1–10 in R.I. Papendick, A. Sanchez, G.B. Triplett (Eds.), Multiple Cropping. ASA Special Publication 27. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
^ Lithourgidis, A.S.; Dordas, C.A.; Damalas, C.A.; Vlachostergios, D.N. (2011). "Annual intercrops: an alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture" (PDF). Australian Journal of Crop Science 5 (4): 396–410.

External links

Washington State University - Intercropping

English Journal

The biosynthesis of allelopathic di-C-glycosylflavones from the roots of Desmodium incanum (G. Mey.) DC.

Hao B1, Caulfield JC, Hamilton ML, Pickett JA, Midega CA, Khan ZR, Wang JR, Hooper AM.
Organic & biomolecular chemistry.Org Biomol Chem.2015 Dec 28;13(48):11663-73. doi: 10.1039/c5ob01926e. Epub 2015 Oct 19.
The allelopathic root exudate of the drought-tolerant subsistence cereal intercrop D. incanum, protecting against the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica, comprises a number of di-C-glycosylflavones specifically containing C-glucosyl, C-galactosyl and C-arabinosyl moieties. Here we demonstrate that th
PMID 26478440

The contribution of phenotypic plasticity to complementary light capture in plant mixtures.

Zhu J1, van der Werf W1, Anten NP1, Vos J1, Evers JB1.
The New phytologist.New Phytol.2015 Sep;207(4):1213-22. doi: 10.1111/nph.13416. Epub 2015 Apr 21.
Interspecific differences in functional traits are a key factor for explaining the positive diversity-productivity relationship in plant communities. However, the role of intraspecific variation attributable to phenotypic plasticity in diversity-productivity relationships has largely been overlooked
PMID 25898768

Nematicidal activity of furanocoumarins from parsley against Meloidogyne spp.

Caboni P1, Saba M1, Oplos C2, Aissani N1, Maxia A1, Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U2, Casu L1, Ntalli N1.
Pest management science.Pest Manag Sci.2015 Aug;71(8):1099-105. doi: 10.1002/ps.3890. Epub 2014 Sep 25.
BACKGROUND: This report describes activity against Meloidogyne spp. and chemical characterisation of the essential oil and methanol extract of Petroselinum crispum aerial parts. The study was based on the hypothesis that P. crispum could be used as an intercrop and soil amendment in tomato culture f
PMID 25157855

Japanese Journal

Evaluation of Intercropping and Permaculture Farming System for Control of Striga asiatica in Maize, Central Malawi

Tropical Agriculture and Development 57(4), 114-119, 2013
NAID 130004952938

沖縄地方における赤土流出抑制・サンゴ礁保全に向けた環境経済調和型農業生産モデルの実証実験

土木学会論文集G（環境） 68(5), I_89-I_98, 2012
NAID 130004560305

19-8 Combination effect of chemical fertilizer and organic matters in the millet/cowpea intercrop under sandy soil conditions of the Sahel, Africa

日本土壌肥料学会講演要旨集 (55), 138, 2009-09-15
NAID 110007720291

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関: 間作

[1] Improving nutrition through home gardening, Home Garden Technology Leaflet 13: Multilayer cropping, FAO, 2001

[sustainable_horticulture-2] Ouma, George; Jeruto, P (2010). "Sustainable horticultural crop production through intercropping: The case of fruits and vegetable crops: A review" (PDF). Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 1 (5): 1098–1105.

[Elkan-3] Elkan, Daniel. Slash-and-burn farming has become a major threat to the world's rainforest The Guardian 21 April 2004

[4] Trenbath, B.R. 1976. Plant interactions in mixed cropping communities. pp. 129–169 in R.I. Papendick, A. Sanchez, G.B. Triplett (Eds.), Multiple Cropping. ASA Special Publication 27. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

[5] Mt. Pleasant, Jane (2006). "The science behind the Three Sisters mound system: An agronomic assessment of an indigenous agricultural system in the northeast". In John E. Staller, Robert H. Tykot, and Bruce F. Benz. Histories of maize: Multidisciplinary approaches to the prehistory, linguistics, biogeography, domestication, and evolution of maize. Amsterdam. pp. 529–537.

[AltieriNicholls2004-6] Miguel Angel Altieri; Clara Ines Nicholls (2004). Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems, Second Edition. Psychology Press.

[7] Andrews, D.J., A.H. Kassam. 1976. The importance of multiple cropping in increasing world food supplies. pp. 1–10 in R.I. Papendick, A. Sanchez, G.B. Triplett (Eds.), Multiple Cropping. ASA Special Publication 27. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

[Annual_intercrops-8] Lithourgidis, A.S.; Dordas, C.A.; Damalas, C.A.; Vlachostergios, D.N. (2011). "Annual intercrops: an alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture" (PDF). Australian Journal of Crop Science 5 (4): 396–410.

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