inmate

　 　

WordNet

1. one of several resident of a dwelling (especially someone confined to a prison or hospital)

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (病院・養老院・刑務所などの)入院者,収容者,受刑者

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/11 19:47:10」(JST)

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For other uses, see Prisoner (disambiguation).

Newgate Exercise yard, 1872, by Gustave Doré

A prisoner, also known as an inmate or detainee, is a person who is deprived of liberty against their will. This can be by confinement, captivity, or by forcible restraint. The term applies particularly to those on trial or serving a prison sentence.

English law

"Prisoner" is a legal term for a person who is imprisoned.

In section 1 of the Prison Security Act 1992, the word "prisoner" means any person for the time being in a prison as a result of any requirement imposed by a court or otherwise that he be detained in legal custody.

"Prisoner" was a legal term for a person prosecuted for felony. It was not applicable to a person prosecuted for misdemeanour. The abolition of the distinction between felony and misdemeanour by section 1 of the Criminal Law Act 1967 has rendered this distinction obsolete.

Glanville Williams described as "invidious" the practice of using the term "prisoner" in reference to a person who had not been convicted.

History

To Visit the Imprisoned by Flemish artist Cornelis de Wael c. 1640

Criminology and penology
Theory Anomie Biosocial criminology Broken windows theory Criminal triad theory Differential association Deviance Labeling theory Psychopathy Rational choice theory Social control theory Social disorganization theory Social learning theory Strain theory Subcultural theory Symbolic interactionism Victimology
Types of crime Blue-collar Corporate Juvenile Organized Political Public-order State State-corporate Victimless White-collar War crime Against humanity
Penology Deterrence Prison Prison reform Prisoner abuse Prisoners' rights Rehabilitation Recidivism Restorative justice Retributive justice Incapacitation Penal harm

The earliest evidence of the existence of the prisoner dates back to 8,000 BC from prehistoric graves in Lower Egypt. This evidence suggests that people from Libya enslaved a San-like tribe.

Psychological effects

In solitary confinement

Among the most extreme adverse effects suffered by prisoners, appear to be caused by solitary confinement for long durations. When held in "Special Housing Units" (SHU), prisoners are subject to sensory deprivation and lack of social contact that can have a severe negative impact on their mental health.

Long durations may lead to depression and changes to brain physiology. In the absence of a social context that is needed to validate perceptions of their environment, prisoners become highly malleable, abnormally sensitive, and exhibit increased vulnerability to the influence of those controlling their environment. Social connection and the support provided from social interaction are prerequisite to long-term social adjustment as a prisoner.

Prisoners exhibit the paradoxical effect of social withdrawal after long periods of solitary confinement. A shift takes place from a craving for greater social contact, to a fear of it. They may grow lethargic and apathetic, and no longer be able to control their own conduct when released from solitary confinement. They can come to depend upon the prison structure to control and limit their conduct.

Long-term stays in solitary confinement can cause prisoners to develop clinical depression, and long-term impulse control disorder. Those with pre-existing mental illnesses are at a higher risk for developing psychiatric symptoms. Some common behaviours are self-mutilation, suicidal tendencies, and psychosis.

A psychopathological condition identified as "SHU syndrome" has been observed among such prisoners. Symptoms are characterized as problems with concentration and memory, distortions of perception, and hallucinations. Most convicts suffering from SHU syndrome exhibit extreme generalized anxiety and panic disorder, with some suffering amnesia.

Stockholm syndrome

The psychological syndrome known as Stockholm syndrome, describes a paradoxical phenomenon where, over time, hostages have positive feelings towards their captors.

Inmate culture

The founding of ethnographic prison sociology as a discipline, from which most of the meaningful knowledge of prison life and culture stems, is commonly credited to the publication of two key texts: Donald Clemmer's The Prison Community, which was first published in 1940 and republished in 1958; and Gresham Sykes classic study The Society of Captives, which was also published in 1958. Clemmer's text, based on his study of 2,400 convicts over three years at the Menard Branch of the Illinois State Penitentiary where he worked as a clinical sociologist, propagated the notion of the existence of a distinct inmate culture and society with values and norms antithetical to both the prison authority and the wider society.

A scene in Newgate Prison, London

In this world, for Clemmer, these values, formalized as the "inmate code", provided behavioural precepts that unified prisoners and fostered antagonism to prison officers and the prison institution as a whole. The process whereby inmates acquired this set of values and behavioural guidelines as they adapted to prison life he termed "prisonization", which he defined as the "taking on, in greater or lesser degree, the folkways, mores, customs and general culture of the penitentiary'. However, while Clemmer argued that all prisoners experienced some degree of prisonization this was not a uniform process and factors such as the extent to which a prisoner involved himself in primary group relations in the prison and the degree to which he identified with the external society all had a considerable impact.

Prisonization as the inculcation of a convict culture was defined by identification with primary groups in prison, the use of prison slang and argot, the adoption of specified rituals and a hostility to prison authority in contrast to inmate solidarity and was asserted by Clemmer to create individuals who were acculturated into a criminal and deviant way of life that stymied all attempts to reform their behaviour.

Opposed to these theories, several European sociologists have shown that inmates were often fragmented and the links they have with society are often stronger than those forged in prison, particularly through the action of work on time perception

Convict code

Inmates in a prison yard

The convict code was theorized as a set of tacit behavioural norms which exercised a pervasive impact on the conduct of prisoners. Competency in following the routines demanded by the code partly determined the inmate’s identity as a convict. As a set of values and behavioural guidelines, the convict code referred to the behaviour of inmates in antagonising staff members and to the mutual solidarity between inmates as well as the tendency to the non-disclosure to prison authorities of prisoner activities and to resistance to rehabilitation programmes. Thus, it was seen as providing an expression and form of communal resistance and allowed for the psychological survival of the individual under extremely repressive and regimented systems of carceral control.

Sykes outlined some of the most salient points of this code as it applied in the post-war period in the United States:

• Don't interfere with inmate interests.
• Never rat on a con.
• Don't be nosy.
• Keep off a man's back.
• Don't put a guy on the spot.
• Be loyal to your class.
• Be cool.
• Do your own time.
• Don't bring heat.
• Don't exploit inmates.
• Don't cop out.
• Be tough.
• Be wary, and try to be a man.
• Never talk to a screw.
• Have a connection.
• Be sharp.

Rights

Main article: Prisoners' rights

United States

1912 illustration of an inmate being punished in an American prison

Both federal and state laws govern the rights of prisoners. Prisoners in the United States do not have full rights under the Constitution, however, they are protected by Amendment VIII which prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and states that they be provided with a minimum standard of living. The Geneva Convention, a World Rights organization, states that prisoners may not do work against their will, and many more rules observed in many countries.

Types

Criminals are prisoners that are incarcerated under the legal system. In the United States, a federal inmate is a person convicted of violating a federal law, who is then incarcerated at a prison that exclusively houses similar criminals. The term most often applies to those convicted of a felony.

Detainees are prisoners. Certain governments use this term to refer to individuals held in custody. They are referred to detainees as it is a general term, and as such, does not require the subject to be classified and treated (under the law) as either a prisoner of war or a suspect or convict in criminal cases. It is generally defined with the broad definition: "someone held in custody".

Prisoners of war, also known as a POWs, are individuals incarcerated in relation to wars. He or she can be a civilian, or a captured combatant.

Political prisoners describe those imprisoned for participation or connection to political activity. Such inmates challenge the legitimacy of the detention.

Hostages are historically defined as prisoners held as security for the fulfillment of an agreement, or as a deterrent against an act of war. In modern times, it refers to someone who is seized by a criminal abductor.

Slaves are prisoners that are held captive for their use as labourers. Various methods have been used throughout history to deprive slaves of their liberty, including forcible restraint.

Other types of prisoner can include those under police arrest, house arrest, those in insane asylums, internment camps, and peoples restricted to a specific area such as Jewish people in the Warsaw ghetto.

See also

• Arbitrary arrest and detention
• Civil liberties
• Detention (imprisonment)
• Detention of suspects
• Hostage
• House arrest
• Human rights
• Illegal combatant
• Incarceration
• Independent custody visitor
• List of countries by incarceration rate
• Prisoner support
• Prisoner's dilemma
• Prisoners' rights
• History of United States Prison Systems

References

Further reading

• Grassian, S. (1983). Psychopathological effects of solitary confinement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140(11).
• Grassian, S., & Friedman, N. (1986). Effects of sensory deprivation in psychiatric seclusion and solitary confinement. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 8(1).
• Haney, C. (1993). "Infamous punishment": The psychological consequences of isolation. National Prison Project Journal, 8(1).

External links

• Human Rights Watch on Detainees
• ACLU on Detainees
• Victorian Prisoners' Photograph Albums from Wandsworth prison on The National Archives' website.

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 投獄中の成人における臨床ケア clinical care of incarcerated adults
• 2. 両親の投獄が小児におよぼす発達および行動上の影響 developmental and behavioral implications for children of incarcerated parents
• 3. 女性受刑者に対する妊婦管理 prenatal care for incarcerated women
• 4. 成人における間欠性爆発性障害：疫学、臨床的特徴、評価、および診断 intermittent explosive disorder in adults epidemiology clinical features assessment and diagnosis

English Journal

• Measuring the prevalence of current, severe symptoms of mental health problems in a canadian correctional population: implications for delivery of mental health services for inmates.

• Brown GP1, Hirdes JP2, Fries BE3.
• International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology.Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol.2015 Jan;59(1):27-50. doi: 10.1177/0306624X13507040. Epub 2013 Oct 20.
• This study measured the prevalence of current, severe symptoms of a mental health problem in an adult population of inmates in Ontario, Canada. The Resident Assessment Instrument-Mental Health was used to measure the prevalence of symptoms among a sample of 522 inmates. Propensity score weighting wa
• PMID 24146355

• Dementia in the incarcerated elderly adult: Innovative solutions to promote quality care.

• Feczko A.
• Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners.J Am Assoc Nurse Pract.2014 Nov 10. doi: 10.1002/2327-6924.12189. [Epub ahead of print]
• PURPOSE: To provide an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnostic considerations of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a special focus on elderly prison inmates. Multiple therapeutic interventions currently used for inmates with AD and a brief protocol for clinicians working with this
• PMID 25384367

• To be truly alive: motivation among prison inmate hospice volunteers and the transformative process of end-of-life peer care service.

• Cloyes KG1, Rosenkranz SJ2, Wold D3, Berry PH4, Supiano KP4.
• The American journal of hospice & palliative care.Am J Hosp Palliat Care.2014 Nov;31(7):735-48. doi: 10.1177/1049909113506035. Epub 2013 Sep 26.
• Some US prisons are meeting the growing need for end-of-life care through inmate volunteer programs, yet knowledge of the motivations of inmate caregivers is underdeveloped. This study explored the motivations of inmate hospice volunteers from across Louisiana State (n = 75) through an open-ended su
• PMID 24071627

Japanese Journal

• 性犯罪者の教育問題に関する一考察 : 教育担当者へのインタビューを中心に

• 評論・社会科学 = Social science review (114), 19-33, 2015-09
• NAID 120005672706

• 退院支援から地域生活支援における作業療法士の役割 (特集 精神科医療における作業療法)

• 日本精神科病院協会雑誌 = Journal of Japanese Association of Psychiatric Hospitals 34(7), 740-745, 2015-07
• NAID 40020541246

• Enacting the Lost : Theatrical Form of Mourning in Sarah Kane's Cleansed

• 英米文化 (45), 31-40, 2015-03-31
• NAID 110009950986

Related Links

• Inmate - definition of inmate by The Free Dictionary

So spake the Enemie of Mankind, enclos'd In Serpent, Inmate bad, and toward EVE Address'd his way, not with indented wave, Prone on the ground, as since, but on his reare, Circular base of rising foulds, that tour'd Fould above ...

• inmateの意味 - goo辞書 英和和英

inmateとは。意味や和訳。[名詞]1 (病院・施設・刑務所などの)被収容者(入院患者，在監者，囚人など)an inmate of a poorhouse救貧院に収容されている人.2 ((古)) (住む場所が同じである家族・社会などの)一員；同居者，寄宿人；居住者 ...

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