inimical

　

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1. 敵意のある(hostile);(…に)敵意を持つ,(…と)対立する《+『to』+『名』》 / 《補語にのみ用いて》(…に)害になる,有害な《+『to』+『名』》(harmful)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/29 19:58:12」(JST)

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"Hostile" redirects here. For other uses, see Hostile (disambiguation).

Hostility
Two people in a heated argument in New York City.
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	R45.4
MeSH	D006791

Part of a series on
Emotions
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Hostility is seen as form of emotionally charged angry behavior. In everyday speech it is more commonly used as a synonym for anger and aggression.

It appears in several psychological theories. For instance it is a facet of neuroticism in the NEO PI, and forms part of personal construct psychology, developed by George Kelly.

Kelly's Model

In psychological terms, Kelly considered hostility as the attempt to extort validating evidence to confirm types of social prediction, constructs, that have failed. . Instead of reconstruing their constructs to meet disconfirmations with better predictions, the hostile person attempts to force or coerce the world to fit their view, even if this is a forlorn hope, and even if it entails emotional expenditure and/or harm to self or others. In this sense hostility is a form of psychological extortion - an attempt to force reality to produce the desired feedback, even by acting out in bullying by individuals and groups in various social contexts, in order that preconceptions become ever more widely validated. In this sense, hostility is an alternative response to cognitive dissonance .

While challenging reality can be a useful part of life, and persistence in the face of failure can be a valuable trait (for instance in invention or discovery), in the case of hostility it is argued that evidence is not being accurately assessed when the decision is made to repeat the same approach . Instead it is claimed that hostility shows evidence of suppression or denial, and is "deleted" from awareness - unfavorable evidence which might suggest that a prior belief is flawed is to various degrees ignored and willfully avoided

See also

• Antisocial personality disorder
• Righteous indignation

References

English Journal

• Chaperone-mediated autophagy prevents apoptosis by degrading BBC3/PUMA.

• Xie W1, Zhang L, Jiao H, Guan L, Zha J, Li X, Wu M, Wang Z, Han J, You H.
• Autophagy.Autophagy.2015 Jul 25:0. [Epub ahead of print]
• Autophagy is a potentially inimical pathway and together with apoptosis, may be activated by similar stress stimuli that can lead to cell death. The molecular cues that dictate the cell fate choice between autophagy and apoptosis remain largely unknown. Here we report that the proapoptotic protein B
• PMID 26212789

• Effects of formulation design on niacin therapeutics: mechanism of action, metabolism, and drug delivery.

• Cooper DL1, Murrell DE1, Roane DS1, Harirforoosh S2.
• International journal of pharmaceutics.Int J Pharm.2015 Jul 25;490(1-2):55-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.024. Epub 2015 May 15.
• Niacin is a highly effective, lipid regulating drug associated with a number of metabolically induced side effects such as prostaglandin (PG) mediated flushing and hepatic toxicity. In an attempt to reduce the development of these adverse effects, scientists have investigated differing methods of ni
• PMID 25987211

• Academic and social achievement goals: Their additive, interactive, and specialized effects on school functioning.

• Liem GA1.
• The British journal of educational psychology.Br J Educ Psychol.2015 Jul 6. doi: 10.1111/bjep.12085. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND: Students' pursuit of academic and social goals has implications for school functioning. However, studies on academic and social achievement goals have been relatively independent and mainly conducted with students in culturally Western settings.AIMS: Guided by multiple-goal perspectives,
• PMID 26146983

Japanese Journal

• FAMILY AND THE IGBO NOVEL

• IKWUBUZO Iwu
• African Study Monographs 33(3), 145-163, 2012-09-14
• … explores how co-wives' bitter rivalry and acrimony disrupt harmonious and cordial relationships in a polygamous family, and are sometimes occasioned by inimical external forces. …
• NAID 110009460296

• 国連・子どもの権利委員会の勧告と子どもの権利モニタリングセンターの活動(II <特集2>子ども政策の評価・検証システムと子どもの権利条約)

• 金 炯旭
• 日本教育政策学会年報 (16), 71-79, 2009-07-07
• … The recommendations include ways to improve some of the elements that are inimical to realizing children's rights in education, healthcare, welfare, and the juvenile justice system, in terms of their legislation, administration, and judicature. …
• NAID 110009686890

• 「山上の説教」におけるマタイ福音書7章6節の位置づけについて

• 陶山 義雄,スヤマ ヨシオ,Yoshio SUYAMA
• 東洋英和大学院紀要 3, 43-56, 2007-03-15
• … "Matthew 7:6 (RSV) This enigmatic aphorism, which appears in the New Testament only in Matthew (a second form is also preserved in Thomas 93:1～2) has frequently been discussed because of its inimical nature and in the context of the Sermon on the Mount, or of the Gospel of Matthew. …
• NAID 110006390996

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