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a drug that lowers the bodys normal immune response (同)immunosuppressor, immunosuppressive_drug, immunosuppressive, immune suppressant drug
of or relating to a substance that lowers the bodys normal immune response and induces immunosuppression

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/10 07:04:39」(JST)

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Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other conditions.

In general, deliberately induced immunosuppression is performed to prevent the body from rejecting an organ transplant, treating graft-versus-host disease after a bone marrow transplant, or for the treatment of auto-immune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, or Crohn's disease. This is typically done using medications, but may involve surgery (spleen removal), plasmapharesis, or radiation.

A person who is undergoing immunosuppression, or whose immune system is weak for other reasons (for example, chemotherapy or HIV), is said to be immunocompromised. An immunosuppressant is any agent that weakens the immune system, including immunosuppressive drugs and some environmental toxins.

Deliberately induced

Administration of immunosuppressive medications or immunosuppressants is the main method of deliberately induced immunosuppression. In optimal circumstances, immunosuppressive drugs are targeted only at any hyperactive component of the immune system, and in ideal circumstances would not cause any significant immunodeficiency. However, in essence, all immunosuppressive drugs have the potential to cause immunodeficiency. Immunodeficiency can cause increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and decreased cancer immunosurveillance. The term immunotoxin is also sometimes used (incorrectly) to label undesirable immunosuppressants, such as various pollutants. Immunosuppressants may be prescribed when a normal immune response is undesirable, such as in autoimmune diseases.

Cortisone was the first immunosuppressant identified, but its wide ranging side-effects limited its use. The more specific azathioprine was identified in 1959, but it was the discovery of ciclosporin in 1970 that allowed significant expansion of kidney transplantation to less well-matched donor-recipient pairs as well as broad application to liver transplantation, lung transplantation, pancreas transplantation, and heart transplantation. After an organ transplantation, the body will nearly always reject the new organ(s) due to differences in human leukocyte antigen haplotypes between the donor and recipient. As a result, the immune system detects the new tissue as "foreign", and attempts to remove it by attacking it with recipient white blood cells, resulting in the death of the donated tissue. Immunosuppressants are given as an attempt to prevent this rejection; the side-effect is that the body becomes more vulnerable to infections and malignancy, as in advanced HIV infection.

Throughout its history, radiation therapy has been used to decrease the strength of the immune system. Dr. Joseph Murray of Harvard Medical School and chief plastic surgeon at Children's Hospital Boston from 1972-1985 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990 for his work on immunosuppression.

Non-deliberate immunosuppression

Non-deliberate immunosuppression can occur in, for example, malnutrition, aging, many types of cancer (such as leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma), and certain chronic infections such as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV).^[1] The unwanted effect in non-deliberate immunosuppression is immunodeficiency that results in increased susceptibility to pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

Immunodeficiency is also a potential adverse effect of many immunosuppressant drugs. In this sense, the scope of the term immunosuppression in general includes both beneficial and potential adverse effects of decreasing the function of the immune system, whereas the term immunodeficiency in general refers solely to the adverse effect of increased risk for infection.

References

^ Abbas, Abul K.; Lichtman, Andrew H. (29 January 2010). Basic Immunology: Functions and Disorders of the Immune System. Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4160-5569-3.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 移植片対宿主病の予防および治療に使用される免疫抑制剤の概要 overview of immunosuppressive agents used for prevention and treatment of graft versus host disease
2. リウマチ性疾患における免疫抑制剤および疾患修飾剤の使用の概要 overview of the use of immunosuppressive and disease modifying drugs in the rheumatic diseases
3. 成人の腎移植における免疫抑制維持療法 maintenance immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplantation in adults
4. 成人の腎移植における免疫抑制誘導療法 induction immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplantation in adults
5. 周産期心筋症：治療および予後 peripartum cardiomyopathy treatment and prognosis

English Journal

Immunotoxicity induced in mice by subacute exposure to berberine.

Mahmoudi M1, Zamani Taghizadeh Rabe S2, Balali-Mood M3, Karimi G4, Memar B5, Rahnama M2, Tabasi N2, Khazaee M2, Riahi-Zanjani B3.
Journal of immunotoxicology.J Immunotoxicol.2016 Mar;13(2):255-62. doi: 10.3109/1547691X.2015.1058306. Epub 2015 Jun 23.
The immunotoxic effects of the isoquinoline alkaloid berberine (BBR) were investigated in Balb/c mice. Here, BBR was administered daily by intraperitoneal injection at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg for 14 days. Following the exposure, host spleen weight, cellularity and histopathology, as well as delaye
PMID 26100397

In vitro anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of umbelliprenin and methyl galbanate.

Zamani Taghizadeh Rabe S1, Iranshahi M2, Mahmoudi M1.
Journal of immunotoxicology.J Immunotoxicol.2016 Mar;13(2):209-16. doi: 10.3109/1547691X.2015.1043606. Epub 2015 May 25.
Ferula species (Apiaceae) are considered important medicinal plants. The present in vitro study sought to investigate the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of terpenoid coumarins isolated from Ferula szowitsiana on immune cells isolated from naïve mice and to elucidate possible unde
PMID 26004404

Novel technologies to engineer graft for tolerance induction.

Woodward KB1, Wang F, Zhao H, Yolcu ES, Shirwan H.
Current opinion in organ transplantation.Curr Opin Organ Transplant.2016 Feb;21(1):74-80. doi: 10.1097/MOT.0000000000000270.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Conquering allograft rejection remains an elusive goal in spite of recent breakthroughs in the field of immunosuppression. Much of the problem lies in the toxicity and side-effects of long-term use of systemic immunosuppressant drugs, which are sometimes ineffective in controlling
PMID 26626421

Japanese Journal

Geranylgeranyltransferase Cwg2-Rho4/Rho5 module is implicated in the Pmk1 MAP kinase-mediated cell wall integrity pathway in fission yeast

Doi Akira,Kita Ayako,Kanda Yuki,Uno Takaya,Asami Keita,Satoh Ryosuke,Nakano Kentaro,Sugiura Reiko
Genes to cells 20(4), 310-323, 2015-04
… Our screen for vic (viable in the presence of immunosuppressant and chloride ion) mutants identified regulators of the Pmk1 MAPK signaling, including Cpp1 and Rho2, based on the genetic interaction between calcineurin and Pmk1 MAPK. …
NAID 120005608185

ステロイドと免疫抑制剤治療の位置づけ (特集間質性肺炎のパラダイムシフト)

小倉高志
呼吸器内科 27(2), 93-98, 2015-02
NAID 40020368413

急性期,急性増悪期IPF : ステロイド,免疫抑制剤使用の適否 (特集 IPF治療の最新の話題)

小田桂士,迎寛
呼吸と循環 63(2), 127-131, 2015-02
NAID 40020335452

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「免疫抑制薬」「immunosuppressive」

「免疫抑制薬」

Immunosuppression
	Intervention
	Micrograph showing an opportunistic infection due to immunosuppression - large (blue) cell below-center-left infected with a polyomavirus. Urine cytology specimen.
MeSH	D007165
	[edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: immunosuppressive drug, immunosuppressant
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