immotile

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(生物が)動けない,自動力のない

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/17 21:00:46」(JST)

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In biology, motility is the ability to move spontaneously and actively, consuming energy in the process. Most animals are motile but the term applies to unicellular and simple multicellular organisms, as well as to some mechanisms of fluid flow in multicellular organs, in addition to animal locomotion. Motile marine animals are commonly called free-swimming.

The opposite of motility is sessility.

Motility may also refer to an organism's ability to move food through its digestive tract, i.e., peristaltics (gut motility, intestinal motility, etc.).^[1]

Cellular-level motility

At the cellular level, different modes of motility exist:

flagellar motility, a swimming-like motion (observed for example in spermatozoa, propelled by the regular beat of their flagellum, or E. coli, which swims by rotating a helical prokaryotic flagellum)
amoeboid movement, a crawling-like movement, which also makes swimming possible^[2]^[3]
gliding motility
Swarming motility

Many cells are not motile, for example Yersinia pestis at 37 °C, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella.^{[citation needed]}

Movements

The events that are perceived as movements can be directed:

along a chemical gradient (see chemotaxis)
along a temperature gradient (see thermotaxis)
along a light gradient (see phototaxis)
along a magnetic field line (see magnetotaxis)
along an electric field (see galvanotaxis)
along the direction of the gravitational force (see gravitaxis)
along a rigidity gradient (see durotaxis)
along a gradient of cell adhesion sites (see haptotaxis)
along other cells or biopolymers

References

^ Intestinal Motility Disorders at eMedicine
^ Van Haastert, Peter J. M. (2011). "Amoeboid Cells Use Protrusions for Walking, Gliding and Swimming". PLoS ONE 6 (11): e27532. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...627532V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027532. PMC 3212573. PMID 22096590.
^ Bae, A. J.; Bodenschatz, E. (2010). "On the swimming of Dictyostelium amoebae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (44): E165–6. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107E.165B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011900107. PMC 2973909. PMID 20921382.

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1. 原発性線毛機能不全（線毛不動症候群） primary ciliary dyskinesia immotile cilia syndrome
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3. 卵細胞質内精子注入法 intracytoplasmic sperm injection
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English Journal

Volume changes during the motility period of fish spermatozoa: Interspecies differences.

Bondarenko O, Dzyuba B, Cosson J, Yamaner G, Prokopchuk G, Psenicka M, Linhart O.SourceFaculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodnany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: toolgab@gmail.com.
Theriogenology.Theriogenology.2013 Mar 15;79(5):872-81. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.01.005. Epub 2013 Feb 8.
The aim of this study was to describe spermatozoa volume changes during the motility period of fish species with either osmotic (common carp Cyprinus carpio) or with ionic (sterlet Acipenseri ruthenus and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis) modes of motility activation. Nephelometry, light microscopy
PMID 23394972

Characterization of ciliary targeting sequence of rat melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1.

Nagata A, Hamamoto A, Horikawa M, Yoshimura K, Takeda S, Saito Y.SourceGraduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan.
General and comparative endocrinology.Gen Comp Endocrinol.2013 Mar 4. pii: S0016-6480(13)00094-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.02.020. [Epub ahead of print]
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is the natural peptide ligand for MCHR1 and MCHR2, which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. The MCH-MCHR1 system is involved in the regulation of feeding, energy homeostasis and emotional processing in rodents. Recently, MCHR1 expression
PMID 23467069

The three-dimensional image analysis of the chromocenter in motile and immotile human sperm.

Alladin N, Moskovtsev SI, Russell H, Kenigsberg S, Lulat AG, Librach CL.SourceCReATe Fertility Center, Toronto, Ontario , Canada.
Systems biology in reproductive medicine.Syst Biol Reprod Med.2013 Feb 28. [Epub ahead of print]
Chromosomes in human spermatozoa are arranged non-randomly with the centromeres of non-homologous chromosomes forming a chromocenter. We have compared motile and immotile sperm populations in normozoospermic patients to determine if there is any dissimilarity in the formation of the chromocenter and
PMID 23445178

Japanese Journal

Visualization of Astrocytic Primary Cilia in the Mouse Brain by Immunofluorescent Analysis Using the Cilia Marker Arl13b

Kasahara Kyosuke,Miyoshi Ko,Murakami Shinki,Miyazaki Ikuko,Asanuma Masato
Acta Medica Okayama 68(6), 317-322, 2014-12
… In vertebrates, almost all somatic cells extend a single immotile cilium, referred to as a primary cilium. …
NAID 120005525309

難治性卵巣癌の浸潤・転移に関わる分子をターゲットとした新規治療法の開発(シンポジウム2(腫瘍) 難治性卵巣癌の克服を目指して,第66回日本産科婦人科学会学術講演会講演要旨)

寺井義人
日本産科婦人科學會雜誌 66(11), 2771-2776, 2014-11-01
… EMT transcription factors mediate the conversion of polarized immotile epithelial cells into mobile mesenchymal progenitor cells, which can facilitate cancer cell migration and invasion. …
NAID 110009872636

2. 男性不妊診療の最前線(レクチャーシリーズ1(生殖),生涯研修プログラム,第66回日本産科婦人科学会学術講演会講演要旨)

辻村晃
日本産科婦人科學會雜誌 66(9), 2054-2057, 2014-09-01
… However, it is difficult for well-experienced embryologists and reproductive physicians (experts) to distinguish immotile spermatozoa from cells without clinical use for ICSI, which appear similar in morphological shape. …
NAID 110009844734