imbecile

WordNet

having a mental age of three to seven years (同)imbecilic, idiotic

PrepTutorEJDIC

低能の,愚かな / 低能者,ばか

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/11/22 17:06:35」(JST)

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The term imbecile was once used by psychologists to denote a category of people with moderate to severe intellectual disability, as well as a type of criminal.^[1]^[2] The word arises from the Latin word imbecillus, meaning weak, or weak-minded. It included people with an IQ of 26–50, between "idiot" (IQ of 0–25) and "moron" (IQ of 51–70).^[3]

The meaning was further refined into mental and moral imbecility.^[4]^[5] The concepts of "moral insanity", "moral idiocy"," and "moral imbecility", led to the emerging field of eugenic criminology, which held that crime can be reduced by preventing "feeble-minded" people from reproducing.^[6]^[7]

"Imbecile" as a concrete classification was popularized by psychologist Henry H. Goddard^[8] and was used in 1927 by United States Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. in his ruling in the forced-sterilization case Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927).^[9]

The concept is closely associated with psychology, psychiatry, criminology, and eugenics. However, the term imbecile quickly passed into vernacular usage as a derogatory term, and fell out of professional use in the 20th century^[10] in favor of mental retardation.

In recent decades, the phrases "mental retardation", "mentally retarded", and "retarded" initially used in a medical manner, are regarded as derogatory and politically incorrect much like moron, imbecile, cretin, dolt and idiot, formerly used as scientific terms in the early 20th century. On October 5, 2010, President of the United States Barack Obama signed Senate Bill 2781, known as "Rosa's Law", which changed references in many Federal statutes that referred to "mental retardation" to refer instead to "intellectual disability".^[11]

References

^ Fernald, Walter E. (1912). The imbecile with criminal instincts. Fourth edition. Boston: Ellis. OCLC 543795982.
^ Duncan, P. Martin; Millard, William (1866). A manual for the classification, training, and education of the feeble-minded, imbecile, and idiotic. Longmans, Green, and Co.
^ Sternberg, Robert J. (2000). Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59648-0.
^ Kerlin, Isaac N. (1889). "Moral imbecility". Proceedings of the Association of Medical Officers of American Institutions for Idiotic and Feeble-minded Persons, 15–18.
^ Fernald, Walter E. (1 April 1909). "The imbecile with criminal instincts". American Journal of Psychiatry. 65(4):731–749.
^ Rafter, Nicole Hahn (1998). Creating Born Criminals. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06741-9.
^ Tredgold, A. F. (1921). "Moral Imbecility". Proc R Soc Med, 1921; 14(Sect Psych): 13–22.
^ Goddard, Henry Herbert (1915). The Criminal Imbecile; an Analysis of Three Remarkable Murder Cases. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^ Lombardo, Paul A. (2008). Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck V. Bell. JHU Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-9010-9
^ Kaplan, Robert M.; Saccuzzo, Dennis P. (2008). Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues. Cengage Learning, ISBN 978-0-495-09555-2
^ Sweet, Lynn (October 5, 2010). "Obama signs 'Rosa's Law;' 'mental retardation' out, 'intellectual disability' in Archived January 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.". Chicago Sun-Times.

English Journal

Historical review of academic concepts of dementia in the world and Japan: with a short history of representative diseases.

Fukui T1.
Neurocase.Neurocase.2015;21(3):369-76. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2014.894532. Epub 2014 Mar 7.
Expanding our knowledge of the history of dementia may be beneficial for its holistic understanding. This article aims to review the trajectory of the concepts of dementia in the world and Japan. Historical backgrounds of major dementia diseases are also addressed. The first reference to "imbecility
PMID 24601750

Institutionalization of mentally-impaired children in Scotland, c. 1855-1914.

Hutchison I1.
History of psychiatry.Hist Psychiatry.2011 Dec;22(88 Pt 4):416-33.
This article examines two institutions which were established in Scotland specifically for the accommodation of mentally-impaired children: Baldovan Asylum near Dundee and the 'Scottish National Institution for the Education of Imbecile Children' in Larbert, Stirlingshire. It surveys the aims and ag
PMID 22530371

[Simultaneous bezoars in the stomach, ileum and cecum causing acute ileus in a 30-year-old imbecile--case report].

Kovács V1, Bruncák P, Cseri J, Malatinec J.
Rozhledy v chirurgii : mesicnik Ceskoslovenske chirurgicke spolecnosti.Rozhl Chir.2002 May;81(5):248-51.
Bezoars are concretions of foreign materials in the stomach, small intestine or bowel in people or animals, which impair GIT motility or cause intestinal obstruction. The authors describe an interesting case report of a 30-year-old imbecile with manifestation of simultaneous bezoar of stomach, ileum
PMID 12046429

Japanese Journal

初期八幡学園における入所児の障害と教育・保護の内容 : 昭和7 (1932)年〜昭和12 (1937)年を中心として

障害科学研究 37, 197-211, 2013-03-29
NAID 110009624572

川田貞治郎の日本心育園における低能児教育としての心練の実践

障害科学研究 32, 59-71, 2008-03-25
NAID 110007100030

川田貞治郎の「心練学」の体系とその到達点--明治末期の小田原家庭学園と水戸友会を中心として

心身障害学研究 30, 81-91, 2006-03
NAID 40007377996

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The Age of the Imbecile 'Imbecile' Donald Trump slammed by MPs for UK crime tweet How To Pronounce Imbecile - Pronunciation Academy - YouTube Imbecile Nation (@ImbecileNation) | Twitter Fuck Trump: Stickers | Redbubble imbécile - définition - C'est quoi ? Famous quotes about 'Imbecile' - Sualci Quotes Imbecile by DoodlebugQT on DeviantArt

[fernald-1] Fernald, Walter E. (1912). The imbecile with criminal instincts. Fourth edition. Boston: Ellis. OCLC 543795982.

[millard1866-2] Duncan, P. Martin; Millard, William (1866). A manual for the classification, training, and education of the feeble-minded, imbecile, and idiotic. Longmans, Green, and Co.

[Sternberg-3] Sternberg, Robert J. (2000). Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59648-0.

[kerlin1889-4] Kerlin, Isaac N. (1889). "Moral imbecility". Proceedings of the Association of Medical Officers of American Institutions for Idiotic and Feeble-minded Persons, 15–18.

[fernald1909-5] Fernald, Walter E. (1 April 1909). "The imbecile with criminal instincts". American Journal of Psychiatry. 65(4):731–749.

[rafter1998-6] Rafter, Nicole Hahn (1998). Creating Born Criminals. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06741-9.

[tredgold-7] Tredgold, A. F. (1921). "Moral Imbecility". Proc R Soc Med, 1921; 14(Sect Psych): 13–22.

[goddard1915-8] Goddard, Henry Herbert (1915). The Criminal Imbecile; an Analysis of Three Remarkable Murder Cases. New York: The Macmillan Company.

[lombardo-9] Lombardo, Paul A. (2008). Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck V. Bell. JHU Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-9010-9

[kaplan2008-10] Kaplan, Robert M.; Saccuzzo, Dennis P. (2008). Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues. Cengage Learning, ISBN 978-0-495-09555-2

[11] Sweet, Lynn (October 5, 2010). "Obama signs 'Rosa's Law;' 'mental retardation' out, 'intellectual disability' in Archived January 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.". Chicago Sun-Times.

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