WordNet

(psychiatry) a defense mechanism that splits something you are ambivalent about into two representations--one good and one bad (同)idealisation
a portrayal of something as ideal; "the idealization of rural life was very misleading" (同)idealisation, glorification
something that exists only as an idea (同)idealisation
form ideals; "Man has always idealized" (同)idealise
consider or render as ideal; "She idealized her husband after his death" (同)idealise

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理想化;〈C〉理想化されたもの

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/24 20:11:44」(JST)

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Idealization is the process by which scientific models assume facts about the phenomenon being modeled that are strictly false but make models easier to understand or solve. That is, it is determined whether the phenomenon approximates an "ideal case," then the model is applied to make a prediction based on that ideal case.

If an approximation is accurate, the model will have high predictive accuracy; for example, it is not usually necessary to account for air resistance when determining the acceleration of a falling bowling ball, and doing so would be more complicated. In this case, air resistance is idealized to be zero. Although this is not strictly true, it is a good approximation because its effect is negligible compared to that of gravity.

Idealizations may allow predictions to be made when none otherwise could be. For example, the approximation of air resistance as zero was the only option before the formulation of Stokes' law allowed the calculation of drag forces. Many debates surrounding the usefulness of a particular model are about the appropriateness of different idealizations.

Early Use

Galileo utilized the concept of idealization in order to formulate the law of free fall. Galileo, in his study of bodies in motion, set up experiments that assumed frictionless surfaces and spheres of perfect roundness. The crudity of ordinary objects has the potential to obscure their mathematical essence, and idealization is used to combat this tendency.

The most well-known example of idealization in Galileo’s experiments is in his analysis of motion. Galileo predicted that if a perfectly round and smooth ball were rolled along a perfectly smooth horizontal plane, there would be nothing to stop the ball (in fact, it would slide instead of roll, because rolling requires friction). This hypothesis is predicated on the assumption that there is no air resistance.

Other examples of idealization

Mathematics

Geometry involves the process of idealization because it studies ideal entities, forms and figures. Perfect circles, spheres, straight lines and angles are abstractions that help us think about and investigate the world.

Science

An example of the use of idealization in physics is in Boyle’s Gas Law: Given any x and any y, if all the molecules in y are perfectly elastic and spherical, possess equal masses and volumes, have negligible size, and exert no forces on one another except during collisions, then if x is a gas and y is a given mass of x which is trapped in a vessel of variable size and the temperature of y is kept constant, then any decrease of the volume of y increases the pressure of y proportionally, and vice versa.

In physics, people will often solve for Newtonian systems without friction. While we know that friction is present in actual systems, solving the model without friction can provide insights to the behavior of actual systems where the force of friction is negligible.

Social science

It has been argued by the "Poznań School" (in Poland) that Karl Marx utilized idealization in the social sciences (see the works written by Leszek Nowak).^[1] Similarly, in economic models individuals are assumed to make maximally rational choices.^[2] This assumption, although known to be violated by actual humans, can often lead to insights about the behavior of human populations.

In psychology, idealization refers to a defence mechanism in which a person who perceives another to be better (or have more desirable attributes) than would actually be supported by the evidence. This sometimes occurs in child custody conflicts. The child of a single parent frequently may imagine ("idealize") the (ideal) absent parent to have those characteristics of a perfect parent. However, the child may find imagination is favorable to reality. Upon meeting that parent, the child may be happy for a while, but disappointed later when learning that the parent does not actually nurture, support and protect as the former caretaker parent had.

Limits on use

While idealization is used extensively by certain scientific disciplines, it has been traditionally rejected by others.^{[citation needed]} For instance, Edmund Husserl recognized the importance of idealization but opposed its application to the study of the mind, holding that mental phenomena do not lend themselves to idealization.^[3]

Although idealization is considered one of the essential elements of modern science, it is nonetheless the source of continued controversy in the literature of the philosophy of science. For example, Nancy Cartwright suggested that Galilean idealization presupposes tendencies or capacities in nature and that this allows for extrapolation beyond what is the ideal case.^[4]

There is continued philosophical concern over how Galileo’s idealization method assists in the description of the behavior of individuals or objects in the real world. Since the laws created through idealization (such as the ideal gas law) describe only the behavior of ideal bodies, these laws can only be used to predict the behavior of real bodies when a considerable number of factors have been physically eliminated (e.g. through shielding conditions) or ignored. Laws that account for these factors are usually more complicated and in some cases have not yet been developed.

References

^ About the Poznań School, see F. Coniglione, Realtà ed astrazione. Scuola polacca ed epistemologia post-positivista, Catania:CUECM 1990
^ B. Hamminga, N.B. De Marchi (Eds.), Idealization VI: Idealization in Economics, Poznań Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities, Vol. 38, Rodopi:Atlanta-Amsterdam 1994
^ Klawiter A (2004). Why did Husserl not become the Galileo of the Science of Consciousness? Link
^ Cartwright N (1994) Nature's capacities and their measurement. pp.186-191. Link

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Body-size stigmatization by preschool girls: In a doll's world, it is good to be "Barbie"

Worobey J1, Worobey HS2.Author information 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States. Electronic address: worobey@rci.rutgers.edu.2Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.AbstractA number of studies have measured body size stigmatization, that is, the assigning of negative characteristics to individuals who are considered fat, in samples of children as young as preschool-age. The results of such studies are fairly consistent, but may be criticized for the abstract nature of the line drawings typically used as test stimuli. In the present study the utility of using toy dolls to gauge young girls' views toward different body shapes was assessed. Forty girls ages 3½-5½ were asked to assign various traits to one of three dolls (thin, average, and fat). As with previous work, responses fell out in a stereotypical pattern, with the positive characteristics attributed most often to the thin or average doll and all of the negative characteristics most often to the fat doll. The strengths and weaknesses of this doll paradigm in studies of body-size stigmatization by young children are discussed.
Body image.Body Image.2014 Jan 3. pii: S1740-1445(13)00142-3. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.12.001. [Epub ahead of print]
A number of studies have measured body size stigmatization, that is, the assigning of negative characteristics to individuals who are considered fat, in samples of children as young as preschool-age. The results of such studies are fairly consistent, but may be criticized for the abstract nature of
PMID 24394637

Turbulence in the upper-ocean mixed layer.

D'Asaro EA.Author information Applied Physics Laboratory and School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105; email: dasaro@apl.washington.edu.AbstractNearly all operational models of upper-ocean mixing assume that the turbulence responsible for this mixing is driven by the atmospheric fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture and the shear imposed by the ocean circulation. This idealization is supported by historical measurements of dissipation rate within the boundary layer. Detailed measurements made recently by many investigators and supported by theoretical and numerical results have found significant deviations from this classical view attributable to the influence of surface waves. Although a review of these measurements finds strong support for the influence of waves-and, in particular, for the predictions of large-eddy simulations, including the Craik-Leibovich vortex force-there are insufficient data to give definitive support to a new paradigm.
Annual review of marine science.Ann Rev Mar Sci.2014;6:101-15. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135138. Epub 2013 Jul 31.
Nearly all operational models of upper-ocean mixing assume that the turbulence responsible for this mixing is driven by the atmospheric fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture and the shear imposed by the ocean circulation. This idealization is supported by historical measurements of dissipation rate
PMID 23909456

In Darwinian evolution, feedback from natural selection leads to biased mutations.

Caporale LH, Doyle J.Author information Control and Dynamical Systems California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125.AbstractNatural selection provides feedback through which information about the environment and its recurring challenges is captured, inherited, and accumulated within genomes in the form of variations that contribute to survival. The variation upon which natural selection acts is generally described as "random." Yet evidence has been mounting for decades, from such phenomena as mutation hotspots, horizontal gene transfer, and highly mutable repetitive sequences, that variation is far from the simplifying idealization of random processes as white (uniform in space and time and independent of the environment or context). This paper focuses on what is known about the generation and control of mutational variation, emphasizing that it is not uniform across the genome or in time, not unstructured with respect to survival, and is neither memoryless nor independent of the (also far from white) environment. We suggest that, as opposed to frequentist methods, Bayesian analysis could capture the evolution of nonuniform probabilities of distinct classes of mutation, and argue not only that the locations, styles, and timing of real mutations are not correctly modeled as generated by a white noise random process, but that such a process would be inconsistent with evolutionary theory.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.Ann N Y Acad Sci.2013 Dec;1305(1):18-28. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12235. Epub 2013 Sep 13.
Natural selection provides feedback through which information about the environment and its recurring challenges is captured, inherited, and accumulated within genomes in the form of variations that contribute to survival. The variation upon which natural selection acts is generally described as "ra
PMID 24033385

Climate might be considered as a risk factor for anorexia nervosa? A hypothesis worth another look.

Gutierrez E, Carrera O, Vazquez R, Birmingham CL.Author information Departamento de Psicología Clinica y Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. emilio.gutierrez@usc.esAbstractEnvironmental factors, such as ambient temperature m(AT), may have a causal role in the development of anorexia nervosa (AN), in addition to factors like the idealization of thinness. We present the literature and a bibliographic analysis that associate AN and a temperate climate.
Eating behaviors.Eat Behav.2013 Aug;14(3):278-80. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.05.006. Epub 2013 May 15.
Environmental factors, such as ambient temperature m(AT), may have a causal role in the development of anorexia nervosa (AN), in addition to factors like the idealization of thinness. We present the literature and a bibliographic analysis that associate AN and a temperate climate. Copyright © 2013
PMID 23910766

Japanese Journal

研修症例「カゴの中の鳥」として生き続けてきた女性との面接過程

杉本正志
精神分析研究 = The Japanese journal of psycho-analysis 59(2), 207-212, 2015-04
NAID 40020501473

逆動作可能なデバイスを用いた電流の向きについての教員養成の試行

加藤徹也,西村浩隆,KATO Tetsuya,西村浩隆,ニシムラヒロタカ,NISHIMURA Hirotaka
千葉大学教育学部研究紀要 63, 357-367, 2015-03
… However, in similarto the development in history of electricity, the concept of current should be developed intentionally with abstractionand idealization of the reality. …
NAID 120005613649

"Genuineness"と純粋性をめぐる一考察 : Genuineなセラピストは人格者なのか

福島伸泰
Psychologist : bulletin of the Graduate School of Professional Clinical Psychology, Kansai University = サイコロジスト : 関西大学臨床心理専門職大学院紀要 (5), 119-128, 2015
NAID 40020411101

東アジアの文書権力と音声メディアの植民地近代的編制 : 漢文脈の政治文化と帝国日本の朝鮮レコード検閲

山内文登
東洋文化研究所紀要 165, 1-122, 2014-03
… The sinographic regime legitimizes political domination as sound regulation through its idealization of music (Ch: yue, Kr: ak, Jp: gaku) as the key agent of harmonizing different voices and thereby realizing cosmic and social order. …
NAID 120005428187

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