超好熱菌
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2017/11/30 08:36:26」(JST)
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A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments—from 60 °C (140 °F) upwards. An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles is above 80 °C (176 °F).[1] Hyperthermophiles are often within the domain Archaea, although some bacteria are able to tolerate temperatures of around 100 °C (212 °F), as well. Some bacteria can live at temperatures higher than 100 °C at large depths in sea where water does not boil because of high pressure. Many hyperthermophiles are also able to withstand other environmental extremes such as high acidity or high radiation levels. Hyperthermophiles are a subset of extremophiles.
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Research
- 3 Cell structure
- 4 Specific hyperthermophiles
- 4.1 Archaea
- 4.2 Gram-negative Bacteria
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 Further reading
History
Hyperthermophiles isolated from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park were first reported by Thomas D. Brock in 1965.[2][3] Since then, more than 70 species have been established.[4] The most hardy hyperthermophiles live on the superheated walls of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, requiring temperatures of at least 90 °C for survival. An extraordinary heat-tolerant hyperthermophile is Strain 121,[5] which has been able to double its population during 24 hours in an autoclave at 121 °C (hence its name). The current record growth temperature is 122 °C, for Methanopyrus kandleri.
Although no hyperthermophile has shown to thrive at temperatures >122 °C, their existence is possible. Strain 121 survives 130 °C for two hours, but was not able to reproduce until it had been transferred into a fresh growth medium, at a relatively cooler 103 °C).
Research
Early research into hyperthermophiles speculated that their genome could be characterized by high guanine-cytosine content; however, recent studies show that "there is no obvious correlation between the GC content of the genome and the optimal environmental growth temperature of the organism."[6][7]
The protein molecules in the hyperthermophiles exhibit hyperthermostability—that is, they can maintain structural stability (and therefore function) at high temperatures. Such proteins are homologous to their functional analogues in organisms which thrive at lower temperatures, but have evolved to exhibit optimal function at much greater temperatures. Most of the low-temperature homologues of the hyperthermostable proteins would be denatured above 60 °C. Such hyperthermostable proteins are often commercially important, as chemical reactions proceed faster at high temperatures.[8][9]
Cell structure
The cell membrane contains high levels of saturated fatty acids to retain its shape at high temperatures.[citation needed]
Specific hyperthermophiles
Archaea
- Strain 121, an archaeon living at 121 °C in the Pacific Ocean.
- Pyrolobus fumarii, an archaeon living at 113 °C in Atlantic hydrothermal vents.
- Pyrococcus furiosus, an archaeon which thrives at 100 °C, first discovered in Italy near a volcanic vent.
- Archaeoglobus fulgidus
- Methanococcus jannaschii
- Aeropyrum pernix
- Sulfolobus
- Methanopyrus kandleri strain 116, an archaeon in 80–122 °C in a Central Indian Ridge.
Gram-negative Bacteria
- Geothermobacterium ferrireducens, which thrives in 65–100 °C in Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park.
- Aquifex aeolicus
- Thermotoga, especially Thermotoga maritima
See also
- Mesophile
- Psychrophile
- Thermophile
- Unique properties of hyperthermophilic archaea
References
- ^ Stetter, K. (2006). "History of discovery of the first hyperthermophiles". Extremophiles. 10: 357–362. doi:10.1007/s00792-006-0012-7.
- ^ Joseph Seckbach, et al.: Polyextremophiles - life under multiple forms of stress. Springer, Dordrecht 2013, ISBN 978-94-007-6487-3,preface; @google books
- ^ The Value of Basic Research: Discovery of Thermus aquaticus and Other Extreme Thermophiles
- ^ Hyperthermophilic Microorganisms
- ^ Microbe from depths takes life to hottest known limit
- ^ High guanine-cytosine content is not an adaptation to high temperature: a comparative analysis amongst prokaryotes
- ^ Zheng H, Wu H; Wu (December 2010). "Gene-centric association analysis for the correlation between the guanine-cytosine content levels and temperature range conditions of prokaryotic species". BMC Bioinformatics. 11: S7. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-S11-S7. PMC 3024870 . PMID 21172057.
- ^ "Analysis of Nanoarchaeum equitans genome and proteome composition: indications for hyperthermophilic and parasitic adaptation."
- ^ Saiki, R. K.; Gelfand, d. h.; Stoffel, S; Scharf, S. J.; Higuchi, R; Horn, G. T.; Mullis, K. B.; Erlich, H. A. (1988). "Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase". Science. 239 (4839): 487–91. doi:10.1126/science.2448875. PMID 2448875.
Further reading
Stetter, Karl (Feb 2013). "A brief history of the discovery of hyperthermophilic life". Biochemical Society Transactions. 41 (1): 416–420. doi:10.1042/BST20120284. PMID 23356321.
- How hot is too Hot? T-Limit Expedition
Extremophiles
|
Types |
- Acidophile
- Alkaliphile
- Capnophile
- Cryozoa
- Endolith
- Halophile
- Hypolith
- Lipophile
- Lithoautotroph
- Lithophile
- Methanogen
- Metallotolerant
- Oligotroph
- Osmophile
- Piezophile
- Polyextremophile
- Psammophile
- Psychrophile
- Radioresistant
- Thermophile / Hyperthermophile
- Thermoacidophile
- Xerophile
|
Notable
extremophiles |
Bacteria |
- Chloroflexus aurantiacus
- Deinococcus radiodurans
- Deinococcus–Thermus
- Snottite
- Thermus aquaticus
- Thermus thermophilus
- Spirochaeta americana
- GFAJ-1
|
Archaea |
- Pyrococcus furiosus
- Strain 121
- Pyrolobus fumarii
|
Eukaryota |
- Cyanidioschyzon merolae
- Galdieria sulphuraria
- Paralvinella sulfincola
- Halicephalobus mephisto
- Pompeii worm
- Tardigrada
|
|
Related articles |
- Abiogenic petroleum origin
- Acidithiobacillales
- Acidobacteria
- Acidophiles in acid mine drainage
- Archaeoglobaceae
- Berkeley Pit
- Blood Falls
- Crenarchaeota
- Grylloblattidae
- Halobacteria
- Halobacterium
- Helaeomyia petrolei
- Hydrothermal vent
- Methanopyrus
- Movile Cave
- Radiotrophic fungus
- Rio Tinto
- Taq polymerase
- Thermostability
- Thermotogae
|
English Journal
- Draft genome sequence of Thermococcus sp. EP1, a novel hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the East Pacific Rise.
- Zhou M1, Liu Q2, Xie Y2, Dong B2, Chen X2.
- Marine genomics.Mar Genomics.2016 Apr;26:9-11. doi: 10.1016/j.margen.2015.11.014. Epub 2015 Dec 7.
- Thermococcus sp. strain EP1 is a novel anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the East Pacific Rise. It grows optimally at 80°C and can produce industrial enzymes at high temperature. We report here the draft genome of EP1, which contains 1,819,157bp with
- PMID 26672397
- Temperature-dependent acetoin production by Pyrococcus furiosus is catalyzed by a biosynthetic acetolactate synthase and its deletion improves ethanol production.
- Nguyen DM1, Lipscomb GL1, Schut GJ1, Vaccaro BJ1, Basen M1, Kelly RM2, Adams MW3.
- Metabolic engineering.Metab Eng.2016 Mar;34:71-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.12.006. Epub 2015 Dec 22.
- The hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus, grows optimally near 100°C by fermenting sugars to acetate, carbon dioxide and molecular hydrogen as the major end products. The organism has recently been exploited to produce biofuels using a temperature-dependent metabolic switch using genes f
- PMID 26721637
- Optimizing Associative Experimental Design for Protein Crystallization Screening.
- Dinc I, Pusey ML, Aygun RS.
- IEEE transactions on nanobioscience.IEEE Trans Nanobioscience.2016 Feb 29. [Epub ahead of print]
- The goal of protein crystallization screening is the determination of the main factors of importance to crystallizing the protein under investigation. One of the major issues about determining these factors is that screening is often expanded to many hundreds or thousands of conditions to maximize c
- PMID 26955046
Japanese Journal
- 超好熱アーキア由来NAD(P)⁺依存性脱水素酵素の結晶構造が示す新規な補酵素結合様式
- First characterization of an archaeal amino acid racemase with broad substrate specificity from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus horikoshii OT-3
- Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 124(1), 23-27, 2017-07
- NAID 40021257204
- Overproduction of the membrane-bound [NiFe]-hydrogenase in Thermococcus kodakarensis and its effect on hydrogen production
Related Links
- A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments— from 60 degrees C (140 degrees F) upwards. An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles is above 80°C (176°F). Hyperthermophiles are a ...
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