出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/06 00:51:47」(JST)
| Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC), hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma (HONK), nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)[1] |
|
Play media
|
|
| Video describing diabetes and its complications, including HHS. | |
| Symptoms | Signs of dehydration, altered level of consciousness[2] |
| Complications | Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, mesenteric artery occlusion, rhabdomyolysis[2] |
| Usual onset | Days to weeks[3] |
| Duration | Few days[3] |
| Risk factors | Infections, stroke, trauma, certain medications, heart attacks[4] |
| Diagnostic method | Blood tests[2] |
| Similar conditions | Diabetic ketoacidosis[2] |
| Treatment | Intravenous fluids, insulin, low molecular weight heparin, antibiotics[3] |
| Prognosis | ~15% risk of death[4] |
| Frequency | Relatively common[2] |
|
[edit on Wikidata]
|
|
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is a complication of diabetes mellitus in which high blood sugar results in high osmolarity without significant ketoacidosis.[4] Symptoms include signs of dehydration, weakness, legs cramps, trouble seeing, and an altered level of consciousness.[2] Onset is typically over days to weeks.[3] Complications may include seizures, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, mesenteric artery occlusion, or rhabdomyolysis.[2]
The main risk factor is a history of diabetes mellitus type 2.[4] Occasionally it may occur in those without a prior history of diabetes or those with diabetes mellitus type 1.[3][4] Triggers include infections, stroke, trauma, certain medications, and heart attacks.[4] Diagnosis is based on blood tests finding a blood sugar greater than 30 mmol/L (600 mg/dL), osmolarity greater than 320 mOsm/kg, and a pH above 7.3.[2][3]
Initial treatment generally consists of intravenous fluids to manage dehydration, intravenous insulin in those with significant ketones, low molecular weight heparin to decrease the risk of blood clotting, and antibiotics among those in whom there is concerns of infection.[3] The goal is a slow decline in blood sugar levels.[3] Potassium replacement is often required as the metabolic problems are corrected.[3] Efforts to prevent diabetic foot ulcers are also important.[3] It typically takes a few days for the person to return to baseline.[3]
While the exact frequently of the condition is unknown, it is relatively common.[4][2] Older people are most commonly affected.[4] The risk of death among those affected is about 15%.[4] It was first described in the 1880s.[4]
Symptoms include an altered level of consciousness. Additionally it may also lead to:
The main risk factor is a history of diabetes mellitus type 2.[4] Occasionally it may occur in those without a prior history of diabetes or those with diabetes mellitus type 1.[3][4] Triggers include infections, stroke, trauma, certain medications, and heart attacks.[4]
Nonketotic coma is usually precipitated by an infection,[5] myocardial infarction, stroke or another acute illness. A relative insulin deficiency leads to a serum glucose that is usually higher than 33 mmol/L (600 mg/dL), and a resulting serum osmolarity that is greater than 320 mOsm. This leads to excessive urination (more specifically an osmotic diuresis), which, in turn, leads to volume depletion and hemoconcentration that causes a further increase in blood glucose level. Ketosis is absent because the presence of some insulin inhibits hormone-sensitive lipase mediated fat tissue breakdown.
According to the consensus statement published by the American Diabetes Association, diagnostic features of HHS may include the following:[6][7]
Cranial imaging is not used for diagnosis of this condition. However, if MRI is performed, it may show cortical restricted diffusion with unusual characteristics of reversible T2 hypointensity in the subcortical white matter.[8]
The major differential diagnosis is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). In contrast to DKA, serum glucose levels in HHS are extremely high, usually greater than 40-50 mmol/L, but an anion-gap metabolic acidosis is absent or mild. Delirium is also more common in HHS than DKA. Although traditionally DKA has been associated with Type I Diabetes, whereas HHS has been associated with Type II, HHS can be seen in people of both types. HHS also tends to have an elderly preponderance.
Treatment of HHS begins with reestablishing tissue perfusion using intravenous fluids. People with HHS can be dehydrated by 8 to 12 liters. Attempts to correct this usually take place over 24 hours with initial rates of normal saline often in the range of 1 L/h for the first few hours or until the condition stabilizes.[9]
Severe potassium deficits often occur in HHS. They usually range around 350 mEq in a 70 kg person. This is generally replaced at a rate 10 mEq per hour as long as there is urinary output.[10]
Insulin is given to reduce blood glucose concentration; however, as it also causes the movement of potassium into cells, serum potassium levels must be sufficiently high or dangerously low blood potassium levels may result. Once potassium levels have been verified to be greater than 3.3 mEq/l, then an insulin infusion of 0.1 units/kg/hr is started.[11]
| Classification |
|
|---|---|
| External resources |
|
Diabetes (E10–E14, 250)
|
|
|---|---|
| Types |
|
| Blood tests |
|
| Management |
|
| Complications |
|
| Other |
|
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
| リンク元 | 「高浸透圧高血糖症候群」「HHS」「hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome」 |
| 関連記事 | 「hyperosmolar」「syndrome」 |
高浸透圧高血糖症候群 : 約 5,680 件 高血糖高浸透圧症候群 : 約 10,800 件
| DKA | HONK | ||
| 糖尿病病型 | 1型糖尿病 | 2型糖尿病 | |
| 発症年齢 | 若年 | 高齢 | |
| 前駆症状 | 多飲、多尿、消化器症状 | 特異的なものはない | |
| 身体異常 | 脱水、アセトン臭、クスマウル大呼吸 | 脱水、アセトン臭－、中枢神経症状(痙攣、振戦) | |
| 検査所見 | 尿ケトン体 | (＋)～（＋＋） | （－）～（±） |
| 血糖値(mg/dL) | 300～1000 | 600～1500 | |
| 浸透圧(mOsm/L) | ＞300 | ＞350 | |
| Na (mEq/L) | 正常～軽度低下 | ＞150mEq/L | |
| pH | ＜7.3 | 7.3～7.4 | |
| BUN | 上昇 | 著明上昇 | |
| K | ↑ | ↑ | |
[★] 高浸透圧高血糖症候群 hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome HHNS = 高血糖高浸透圧症候群 hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome
[★] 高浸透圧高血糖症候群 hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome HHNS = 高血糖高浸透圧症候群 HHS