WordNet

excessive movement; especially excessive motility of the gastrointestinal tract

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/04 12:33:39」(JST)

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In biology, motility is the ability to move spontaneously and actively, consuming energy in the process. Most animals are motile but the term applies to unicellular and simple multicellular organisms, as well as to some mechanisms of fluid flow in multicellular organs, in addition to animal locomotion. Motile marine animals are commonly called free-swimming.

The opposite of motility is sessility.

Motility may also refer to an organism's ability to move food through its digestive tract, i.e., peristaltics (gut motility, intestinal motility, etc.).^[1]

Cellular-level motility

At the cellular level, different modes of motility exist:

flagellar motility, a swimming-like motion (observed for example in spermatozoa, propelled by the regular beat of their flagellum, or E. coli, which swims by rotating a helical prokaryotic flagellum)
amoeboid movement, a crawling-like movement, which also makes swimming possible^[2]^[3]
gliding motility
Swarming motility

Many cells are not motile, for example Yersinia pestis at 37 °C, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella.^{[citation needed]}

Movements

The events that are perceived as movements can be directed:

along a chemical gradient (see chemotaxis)
along a temperature gradient (see thermotaxis)
along a light gradient (see phototaxis)
along a magnetic field line (see magnetotaxis)
along an electric field (see galvanotaxis)
along the direction of the gravitational force (see gravitaxis)
along a rigidity gradient (see durotaxis)
along a gradient of cell adhesion sites (see haptotaxis)
along other cells or biopolymers

References

^ http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/179937-overview
^ Van Haastert, Peter J. M.; Hotchin, Neil A. (8 November 2011). "Amoeboid Cells Use Protrusions for Walking, Gliding and Swimming". In Hotchin, Neil A. PLoS ONE 6 (11): e27532. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027532. PMC 3212573. PMID 22096590. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Bae, A. J.; Bodenschatz, E. (4 October 2010). "On the swimming of Dictyostelium amoebae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (44): E165–E166. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011900107. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

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English Journal

Role of zinc trafficking in male fertility: from germ to sperm.

Foresta C1, Garolla A, Cosci I, Menegazzo M, Ferigo M, Gandin V, De Toni L.
Human reproduction (Oxford, England).Hum Reprod.2014 Jun;29(6):1134-45. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu075. Epub 2014 Apr 25.
STUDY QUESTION: What are the dynamics of zinc (Zn) trafficking in sperm, at the testicular, epididymal and ejaculate levels SUMMARY ANSWER: Zn transporters are peculiarly expressed in the cells of the germ line and Zn uptake is maximal at the post-epididymal phase, where Zn is involved in the regula
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Lubiprostone Prevents Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Induced Small Intestinal Damage by Suppressing the Expression of Inflammatory Mediators via EP4 Receptors.

Hayashi S1, Kurata N, Yamaguchi A, Amagase K, Takeuchi K.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2014 Jun;349(3):470-9. doi: 10.1124/jpet.114.213991. Epub 2014 Apr 8.
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PMID 24713141

Novel mixed NOP/MOP agonist BU08070 alleviates pain and inhibits gastrointestinal motility in mouse models mimicking diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome symptoms.

Sobczak M1, Cami-Kobeci G2, Sałaga M1, Husbands SM2, Fichna J3.
European journal of pharmacology.Eur J Pharmacol.2014 May 6;736C:63-69. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.038. [Epub ahead of print]
The opioid and nociceptin systems play a crucial role in the maintenance of homeostasis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of BU08070, a novel mixed MOP/NOP agonist, on mouse intestinal contractility in vitro and GI motility in vivo in physiologi
PMID 24815321

Japanese Journal

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