水力の、動水

WordNet

of or relating to the study of hydraulics; "hydraulic engineer"
moved or operated or effected by liquid (water or oil); "hydraulic erosion"; "hydraulic brakes"
in a hydraulic manner; "the block is then tested hydraulically to its full design test pressure on each stream separately" (同)hydraulicly
a locomotive driven by a hydraulic transmission system powered by a diesel engine (同)diesel-hydraulic
a transmission that depends on a hydraulic system (同)hydraulic transmission system
the branch of civil engineering dealing with the use and control of water in motion

PrepTutorEJDIC

水(油)力の,水(油)圧の
水(油)力で,水(油)圧で
水力学

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/09/26 22:23:28」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Hydraulic" redirects here. For other uses, see Hydraulic (disambiguation).

For the mechanical technology, see hydraulic machinery.

Hydraulics and other studies^[1]

An open channel, with a uniform depth, Open Channel Hydraulics deals with uniform and non-uniform streams.

Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids. At a very basic level hydraulics is the liquid version of pneumatics. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties. In fluid power, hydraulics is used for the generation, control, and transmission of power by the use of pressurized liquids. Hydraulic topics range through some part of science and most of engineering modules, and cover concepts such as pipe flow, dam design, fluidics and fluid control circuitry, pumps, turbines, hydropower, computational fluid dynamics, flow measurement, river channel behavior and erosion.

Free surface hydraulics is the branch of hydraulics dealing with free surface flow, such as occurring in rivers, canals, lakes, estuaries and seas. Its sub-field open channel flow studies the flow in open channels.

The word "hydraulics" originates from the Greek word ὑδραυλικός (hydraulikos) which in turn originates from ὕδωρ (hydor, Greek for water) and αὐλός (aulos, meaning pipe).

Ancient and medieval era[edit]

Early uses of water power date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, where irrigation has been used since the 6th millennium BC and water clocks had been used since the early 2nd millennium BC. Other early examples of water power include the Qanat system in ancient Persia and the Turpan water system in ancient China.

Greek / Hellenistic age[edit]

The Greeks constructed sophisticated water and hydraulic power systems. An example is the construction by Eupalinos, under a public contract, of a watering channel for Samos, the Tunnel of Eupalinos. An early example of the usage of hydraulic wheel, probably the earliest in Europe, is the Perachora wheel (3rd century BC).^[2]

Notable is the construction of the first hydraulic automata by Ctesibius (flourished c. 270 BC) and Hero of Alexandria (c. 10 – 80 AD). Hero describes a number of working machines using hydraulic power, such as the force pump, which is known from many Roman sites as having been used for raising water and in fire engines.

China[edit]

In ancient China there was Sunshu Ao (6th century BC), Ximen Bao (5th century BC), Du Shi (circa 31 AD), Zhang Heng (78 - 139 AD), and Ma Jun (200 - 265 AD), while medieval China had Su Song (1020 - 1101 AD) and Shen Kuo (1031–1095). Du Shi employed a waterwheel to power the bellows of a blast furnace producing cast iron. Zhang Heng was the first to employ hydraulics to provide motive power in rotating an armillary sphere for astronomical observation.

Sri Lanka[edit]

Moat and gardens at Sigirya.

In ancient Sri Lanka, hydraulics were widely used in the ancient kingdoms of Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa.^[3] The discovery of the principle of the valve tower, or valve pit, for regulating the escape of water is credited to ingenuity more than 2,000 years ago.^[4] By the first century AD, several large-scale irrigation works had been completed.^[5] Macro- and micro-hydraulics to provide for domestic horticultural and agricultural needs, surface drainage and erosion control, ornamental and recreational water courses and retaining structures and also cooling systems were in place in Sigiriya, Sri Lanka. The coral on the massive rock at the site includes cisterns for collecting water.

Innovations in Ancient Rome[edit]

Aqueduct of Segovia, a 1st-century AD masterpiece.

In Ancient Rome many different hydraulic applications were developed, including public water supplies, innumerable aqueducts, power using watermills and hydraulic mining. They were among the first to make use of the siphon to carry water across valleys, and used hushing on a large scale to prospect for and then extract metal ores. They used lead widely in plumbing systems for domestic and public supply, such as feeding thermae.

Hydraulic mining was used in the gold-fields of northern Spain, which was conquered by Augustus in 25 BC. The alluvial gold-mine of Las Medulas was one of the largest of their mines. It was worked by at least 7 long aqueducts, and the water streams were used to erode the soft deposits, and then wash the tailings for the valuable gold content.

Modern era (c. 1600 – 1870)[edit]

Benedetto Castelli[edit]

In 1619 Benedetto Castelli (1576 - 1578–1643), a student of Galileo Galilei, published the book Della Misura dell'Acque Correnti or "On the Measurement of Running Waters", one of the foundations of modern hydrodynamics. He served as a chief consultant to the Pope on hydraulic projects, i.e., management of rivers in the Papal States, beginning in 1626.^[6]

Blaise Pascal[edit]

Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) studied fluid hydrodynamics and hydrostatics, centered on the principles of hydraulic fluids. His inventions include the hydraulic press, which multiplied a smaller force acting on a smaller area into the application of a larger force totaled over a larger area, transmitted through the same pressure (or same change of pressure) at both locations. Pascal's law or principle states that for an incompressible fluid at rest, the difference in pressure is proportional to the difference in height and this difference remains the same whether or not the overall pressure of the fluid is changed by applying an external force. This implies that by increasing the pressure at any point in a confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every other point in the container, i.e., any change in pressure applied at any point of the fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluids.

Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille[edit]

A French physician, Poiseuille researched the flow of blood through the body and discovered an important law governing the rate of flow with the diameter of the tube in which flow occurred.^{[citation needed]}

In the UK[edit]

Several cities developed city-wide hydraulic power networks in the 19th century, to operate machinery such as lifts, cranes, capstans and the like. Joseph Bramah^[7] was an early innovator and William Armstrong^[8] perfected the apparatus for power delivery on an industrial scale. In London, the London Hydraulic Power Company^[9] was a major supplier its pipes serving large parts of the West End of London, City and the Docks, but there were schemes restricted to single enterprises such as docks and railway goods yards.

Notes[edit]

^ NEZU Iehisa (1995), Suirigaku, Ryutai-rikigaku, Asakura Shoten, p. 17, ISBN 4-254-26135-7.
^ The Perachora Waterworks: Addenda, R. A. Tomlinson, The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 71, (1976), pp. 147-148 [1]
^ "SriLanka-A Country study". USA Government, Department of Army. 1990. Retrieved 9 November 2011. ^{[dead link]}
^ "SriLanka - History". Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
^ "Traditional SriLanka or Ceylon". Sam Houston State University. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
^ Benedetto Castelli (1576-1578-1643), The Galileo Project
^ http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/technology/engineering/biography/bramah.htm
^ http://www.victorianweb.org/technology/engineers/armstrong.html
^ http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/h/hydraulic_power_in_london/index.shtml

References[edit]

Rāshid, Rushdī; Morelon, Régis (1996), Encyclopedia of the history of Arabic science, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-12410-2.

External links[edit]

The Wikibook School Science has a page on the topic of: Hydraulics demonstration

International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research (IAHR)
National Fluid Power Association (NFPA)
Pascal's Principle and Hydraulics
The principle of hydraulics
IAHR media library Web resource of photos, animation & video
Basic hydraulic equations
MIT hydraulics course notes

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における浮腫の病態生理および病因 pathophysiology and etiology of edema in adults
2. 腹膜透析における溶質クリアランスおよび限外濾過の機序 mechanisms of solute clearance and ultrafiltration in peritoneal dialysis
3. 特発性浮腫 idiopathic edema
4. ネフローゼ症候群患者における浮腫の病態生理学および治療 pathophysiology and treatment of edema in patients with the nephrotic syndrome
5. 持続的動静脈透析：技術的な懸念 continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis technical considerations

English Journal

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Homatula potanini (Cypriniformes, Nemacheilidae, Nemachilinae).

Que YF1, Tang HY1, Xu N1, Xu DM1, Shi F1, Yang Z1, Li WT1.
Mitochondrial DNA.Mitochondrial DNA.2016 Mar;27(2):1297-1299. Epub 2014 Aug 8.
Homatula potanini is an endemic and one of ornamental fishes in the upper stream of the Yangtze River and its tributaries. However, wild populations of H. potanini declined sharply due to anthropological activity in the Jinsha River during the past decades. In present study, the complete mitochondri
PMID 25103447

The complete mitochondrial genome of Lepturichthys fimbriata (Teleostei, Balitoridae, Balitorinae).

Xu DM1, Yang Z1, Xu N1, Xiong MH1, Lei P1, Que YF1.
Mitochondrial DNA.Mitochondrial DNA.2016 Mar;27(2):1064-1065. Epub 2014 Jun 25.
Lepturichthys fimbriata is an endemic and an important commercial fish which distributes in the upper stream of the Yangtze River. In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of L. fimbriata has been first sequenced by DNA sequencing based on the PCR fragments. The mitogenome, consisting of 16,5
PMID 24963762

The complete mitochondrial genome of Jinshaia sinensis (Teleostei, Balitoridae, Balitorinae).

Que YF1, Xu DM1, Xiong MH1, Yang Z1, Gao SB1, Shi F1.
Mitochondrial DNA.Mitochondrial DNA.2016 Mar;27(2):949-950. Epub 2014 Jun 17.
Jinshaia sinensis is an endemic and typical fish which is successfully adaptive to mountain torrents in the upper stream of the Yangtze River and its tributaries. In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of J. sinensis has been first sequenced by DNA sequencing based on the PCR fragments. The
PMID 24937572

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Triplophysa anterodorsalis (Teleostei, Balitoridae, Nemacheilinae).

Que YF1, Liao XL1, Xu DM1, Yang Z1, Tang HY1, Zhu B1.
Mitochondrial DNA.Mitochondrial DNA.2016 Mar;27(2):937-938. Epub 2014 Jun 12.
Triplophysa anterodorsalis is an endemic fish in the upper stream of the Yangtze River, Jinsha River and its tributaries. However, wild populations of T. anterodorsalis declined sharply due to cascade hydropower stations constructed successively in the Jinsha River during the past decades. In the pr
PMID 24919506