husbandry

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a married man; a womans partner in marriage (同)hubby, married man

PrepTutorEJDIC

農業,耕作(farming) / 節約;(家計の)やりくり
『夫』 / …‘を'節約する,倹約する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/28 21:23:53」(JST)

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Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals by humans for profit, in which genetic qualities and behavior, considered to be advantageous to humans, are further developed. The term can refer to the practice of selectively breeding and raising livestock to promote desirable traits in animals for utility, sport, pleasure, or research.^[1]

History of breeding

Animal husbandry has been practiced for thousands of years since the first domestication of animals. Selective breeding for desired traits was first established as a scientific practice by Robert Bakewell during the British Agricultural Revolution in the 18th century. One of his most important breeding programs was with sheep. Using native stock, he was able to quickly select for large, yet fine-boned sheep, with long, lustrous wool. The Lincoln Longwool was improved by Bakewell and in turn the Lincoln was used to develop the subsequent breed, named the New (or Dishley) Leicester. It was hornless and had a square, meaty body with straight top lines.^[2] These sheep were exported widely and have contributed to numerous modern breeds.

Under his influence, English farmers began to breed cattle for use primarily as beef for consumption - (previously, cattle were first and foremost bred for pulling ploughs as oxen^{[citation needed]}). Long-horned heifers were crossed with the Westmoreland bull to eventually create the Dishley Longhorn. Over the following decades, farm animals increased dramatically in size and quality. In 1700, the average weight of a bull sold for slaughter was 370 pounds (168 kg). By 1786, that weight had more than doubled to 840 pounds (381 kg).

Animal herding professions specialized in the 19th century to include the cowboys of the United States and Canada, charros and vaqueros of Mexico, gauchos and huasos of South America, and the farmers and stockmen of Australia.

In more modern times herds are tended on horses, all-terrain vehicles, motorbikes, four-wheel drive vehicles, and helicopters, depending on the terrain and livestock concerned. Today, herd managers often oversee thousands of animals and many staff. Farms, stations and ranches may employ breeders, herd health specialists, feeders, and milkers to help care for the animals.

Breeding techniques

Techniques such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer are frequently used today, not only as methods to guarantee that females breed regularly but also to help improve herd genetics. This may be done by transplanting embryos from high-quality females into lower-quality surrogate mothers - freeing up the higher-quality mother to be reimpregnated. This practice vastly increases the number of offspring which may be produced by a small selection of the best quality parent animals. On the one hand, this improves the ability of the animals to convert feed to meat, milk, or fiber more efficiently, and improve the quality of the final product. On the other, it decreases genetic diversity, increasing the severity of certain disease outbreaks among other risks.

History in Europe

Dairy cattle in Mangskog, Sweden, 1911.

The semi-natural, unfertilized pastures formed by traditional agricultural methods in Europe, were managed and maintained by the grazing and mowing of livestock.^[3] Because the ecological impact of this land management strategy is similar to the impact of a natural disturbance, the agricultural system will share many beneficial characteristics with a natural habitat including the promotion of biodiversity.^[3] This strategy is declining in the European context due to the intensification of agriculture,^[3] and the mechanized chemical based methods that became popular during and following the industrial revolution .

Climate change

Due to the significant contribution of agriculture to the emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide, the relationship between humans and livestock is being analyzed for its potential to help mitigate climate change. Strategies for the mitigation include optimizing the use of gas produced from manure for energy production (biogas).^[4]

References

Notes

^ "Animal husbandry". Encyclopaedia Brittanica. Retrieved 5 June 2013. Jarman, M.R.; Clark, Grahame; Grigson, Caroline; Uerpmann, H.P.; Ryder, M.L (1976). "Early Animal Husbandry". The Royal Society 275 (936): 85–97. doi:10.1098/rstb.1976.0072.
^ "Robert Bakewell (1725 - 1795)". BBC History. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c Pykala, Juha (2000). "Mitigating Human Effects of European Biodiversity Through Traditional Animal Husbandry". Conservation Biology 14 (3): 705–712. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99119.x.
^ Monteny, Gert-Jan; Andre Bannink; David Chadwick (2006). "Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategies for Animal Husbandry, Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment". Agriculutre, Ecosystems, and Environment 112 (2–3): 163–170. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2005.08.015. Retrieved 5 June 2013.

Bibliography

Antonio, Saltini. Storia delle scienze agrarie, 4 vols, Bologna 1984-89, ISBN 88-206-2412-5, ISBN 88-206-2413-3, ISBN 88-206-2414-1, ISBN 88-206-2415-X
Juliet, Clutton Brock. The walking larder. Patterns of domestication, pastoralism and predation, Unwin Hyman, London 1988
Juliet, Clutton Brock. Horse power: a history of the horse and donkey in human societies, National history Museum publications, London 1992
Fleming G., Guzzoni M. Storia cronologica delle epizoozie dal 1409 av. Cristo sino al 1800, in Gazzetta medico-veterinaria, I-II, Milano 1871-72
Hall S and Juliet, Clutton Brock. Two hundred years of British farm livestock, Natural History Museum Publications, London 1988
Jules, Janick; Noller, Carl H. and Rhyker, Charles L. The Cycles of Plant and Animal Nutrition, in Food and Agriculture, Scientific American Books, San Francisco 1976
Manger, Louis N. A History of the Life Sciences, M. Dekker, New York, Basel 2002

External links

Animal husbandry practices - National Animal Interest Alliance
Research Institute for Animal Husbandry
Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding PAS
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
In situ conservation of livestock and poultry, 1992, Online book, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations Environment Programme
Dr. Temple Grandin's Web Page Livestock Behaviour, Design of Facilities and Humane Slaughter

UpToDate Contents

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1. クリミア・コンゴ出血熱 crimean congo hemorrhagic fever
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4. 異種移植および腎臓 xenotransplantation and the kidney
5. 非チフス性サルモネラ：微生物学および疫学 nontyphoidal salmonella microbiology and epidemiology

English Journal

Whole blood transcriptome comparison of pigs with extreme production of in vivo dsRNA-induced serum IFN-a.

Liu X1, Huang J2, Yang S3, Zhao Y3, Xiang A3, Cao J3, Fan B3, Wu Z4, Zhao J5, Zhao S3, Zhu M6.Author information 1Key Lab of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.2Key Lab of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.3Key Lab of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.4College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.5State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.6Key Lab of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China. Electronic address: zhumengjin@mail.hzau.edu.cn.AbstractInterferon (IFN) is one of the major regulators of innate immunity, it also mediates the adaptive immune responses to a broad spectrum of pathogens. This study aims in identifying differences between high vs. low INF-a responders which were chosen based on serum INF-a levels at 4 h post poly I:C treatment. A transcriptomic analysis was designed to describe the whole blood differential transcriptomal response to poly I:C by pigs with high vs. low IFN alpha levels. The capability of producing dsRNA (poly I:C)-induced serum IFN-a is highly variable in pig population. The high INF-a responders had 328 unique differentially expressed genes, suggesting that the HIGH pigs have greater responsiveness upon the dsRNA simulation. Based on the results, the interferon-dependent antiviral responsiveness through the IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) is likely more effective in HIGH pigs. Inferring from the known organization of IFN pathways, the reason for the more IFN-a production in the HIGH pigs was likely due to the enhanced expression of IRF-7 in TLR or RIG- I/MDA5 signaling pathways. Furthermore, the larger number of the altered genes in the HIGH pigs after simulation is also possibly because of the greater number of the altered transcription factors. To our knowledge, this is the first report of comparative transcriptomic analysis to advance our understanding of whole blood immune response in pigs with different in vivo poly I:C-inducted IFN-a levels. The paper significantly expands our knowledge of how pigs respond to poly I:C which is highly relevant for understanding resistance to viral infections and also for vaccine development.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2014 May;44(1):35-43. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.11.008. Epub 2013 Dec 1.
Interferon (IFN) is one of the major regulators of innate immunity, it also mediates the adaptive immune responses to a broad spectrum of pathogens. This study aims in identifying differences between high vs. low INF-a responders which were chosen based on serum INF-a levels at 4 h post poly I:C tre
PMID 24296439

Colistin-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells: Involvement of the mitochondrial apoptotic and death receptor pathways.

Jiang H1, Li J2, Zhou T1, Wang C1, Zhang H3, Wang H1.Author information 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China.2College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China.3Scientific Research Department, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China.AbstractColistin, a cyclic cationic polypeptide antibiotic that is used to treat infections, may cause neurotoxicity. However, whether colistin can induce apoptosis and the precise mechanism of apoptosis involved in PC12 cells remains to be determined. The aim of the present study was to determine reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and DNA damage, as well as apoptotic factors such as p53, cytochrome c, Bax, Bcl‑2, Fas, Fas‑L and caspase family via western blotting in PC12 cells treated with colistin sulfate. The results showed that colistin sulfate increased ROS levels significantly. An increase of ROS levels induces the release of cytochrome c and DNA damage. DNA damage can activate p53, which leads to the upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2. The imbalance of Bax/Bcl‑2 promotes additional release of cytochrome c. The release of cytochrome c contributes to the activation of caspase‑9 and the subsequent activation of caspase‑3. An increase of Fas and Fas‑L induced the activation of caspase‑8 leading to the activation of caspases‑3, the latter induces apoptosis. Therefore, these results demonstrate that the apoptotic pathway of colistin-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells is involved in both the mitochondrial and death receptor pathway.
International journal of molecular medicine.Int J Mol Med.2014 May;33(5):1298-304. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1684. Epub 2014 Mar 6.
Colistin, a cyclic cationic polypeptide antibiotic that is used to treat infections, may cause neurotoxicity. However, whether colistin can induce apoptosis and the precise mechanism of apoptosis involved in PC12 cells remains to be determined. The aim of the present study was to determine reactive
PMID 24604244

Transcriptomic dissection of myogenic differentiation signature in caprine by RNA-Seq.

Tripathi AK1, Patel AK2, Shah RK2, Patel AB2, Shah TM2, Bhatt VD2, Joshi CG3.Author information 1Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand 388001, India; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.2Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand 388001, India.3Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand 388001, India. Electronic address: cgjoshi@rediffmail.com.AbstractMuscle growth and development from the embryonic to the adult stage of an organism consists of a series of exquisitely regulated and orchestrated changes in expression of genes leading to muscle maturation. In this study, we performed whole transcriptome profiling of adult caprine skeletal muscle derived myoblast and fused myotubes. Using Ion Torrent PGM sequencing platform, a total of 948,776 and 799,976 reads were generated in myoblasts and fused myotubes, respectively. The sequence reads were analyzed on CLC Genomics Workbench using Bos taurus RNA database to study the gene expression in both stages to study different genes responsible for muscle development and regeneration. The up and down-regulated genes were analyzed for gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways by Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) database. We found many genes exclusive to multinuclear fused myotubes and contractile nature of skeletal muscle, whereas up-regulated genes in myoblast stage were related to cell division and transcriptional regulation. Out of 27 genes selected for expression validation by RT-qPCR (reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction), 19 genes showed the expression pattern comparable with CLC Genomics Workbench findings. Further, mRNA originated muscle specific microRNAs (miRNA-1 and miRNA-133b) were also observed in the fused myotubes along with other miRNAs with possible importance in muscle development. This study highlights important genes responsible for muscle development and differentiation in adult skeletal muscle system.
Mechanisms of development.Mech Dev.2014 May;132:79-92. doi: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.01.001. Epub 2014 Jan 11.
Muscle growth and development from the embryonic to the adult stage of an organism consists of a series of exquisitely regulated and orchestrated changes in expression of genes leading to muscle maturation. In this study, we performed whole transcriptome profiling of adult caprine skeletal muscle de
PMID 24423602

Japanese Journal

豊田市における女性用労働着の変化と地域性 (？橋春子館長追悼号)

高橋知子
民俗と風俗 = Folklore, custom and manners : the journal of the Chubu Branch, the Japanese Society for History of Manners and Customs (23), 47-60, 2012-09
NAID 40019469523

バイオマス燃料ボイラーの高温排熱を利用した熱電発電システムの基礎特性

奥将俊,松尾龍磨,菅誠也,姫野慎也,田島大輔,林則行,杉本安寛
宮崎大學工學部紀要 41, 49-55, 2012-07-30
… Department of Agriculture in University of Miyazaki, developed the “cow-dung derived low moisture content biomass fuel” made from animal husbandry waste.In this study, elucidated the basics characteristic of the fuel and developed the biomass direct combustion system which used of the “cow-dung derived low moisture content biomass fuel”. …
NAID 110009454392

Recent Emergence of Ancestral Commons in Southern Siberia : A Case Study of Reindeer Husbandry in Todzhinskii County, Tyva Republic

Murota Takeshi,Litvinenko Tamara V.
経済学論叢 64(1), 1-18, 2012-07
NAID 40019422580

Related Pictures

Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Department Animal husbandry, antelope in savanah. Animal Husbandry-02 Animal Husbandry: Provides a condensed in animal husbandry and

[1] "Animal husbandry". Encyclopaedia Brittanica. Retrieved 5 June 2013. Jarman, M.R.; Clark, Grahame; Grigson, Caroline; Uerpmann, H.P.; Ryder, M.L (1976). "Early Animal Husbandry". The Royal Society 275 (936): 85–97. doi:10.1098/rstb.1976.0072.

[2] "Robert Bakewell (1725 - 1795)". BBC History. Retrieved 20 July 2012.

[Pykala2000-3] Pykala, Juha (2000). "Mitigating Human Effects of European Biodiversity Through Traditional Animal Husbandry". Conservation Biology 14 (3): 705–712. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99119.x.

[4] Monteny, Gert-Jan; Andre Bannink; David Chadwick (2006). "Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategies for Animal Husbandry, Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment". Agriculutre, Ecosystems, and Environment 112 (2–3): 163–170. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2005.08.015. Retrieved 5 June 2013.

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