WordNet
- moving with great haste; "affection for this hurrying driving...little man"; "lashed the scurrying horses" (同)scurrying
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/01/03 13:18:47」(JST)
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A hurrier and two thrusters heaving a corf full of coal as depicted in the 1853 book The White Slaves of England by J. Cobden
A hurrier, also sometimes called a coal drawer or coal thruster, was a child or woman employed by a collier to transport the coal that they had mined. Women would normally get the children to help them because of the difficulty of carrying the coal. Common particularly in the early 19th century, the hurrier pulled a corf (basket or small wagon) full of coal along roadways as small as 16 inches in height. They would often work 12-hour shifts, making several runs down to the coal face and back to the surface again.[1][2]
Some children came from the workhouses and were apprenticed to the colliers. Adults could not easily do the job because of the size of the roadways, which were limited on the grounds of cost and structural integrity.[2] Hurriers were equipped with a "gurl" belt – a leather belt with a swivel chain linked to the corf. They were also given candles as it was too expensive to light the whole mine.[2]
Contents
- 1 Roles
- 2 Legislation
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Roles
Children as young as three or four were employed, with both sexes contributing to the work.[3][4] The younger ones often worked in small teams, with those pushing the corf from the rear being known as thrusters. The thrusters often had to push the corf using their heads, leading to the hair on their crown being worn away and the child becoming bald.[4]
Some children were employed as coal trappers, particularly those not yet strong enough to pull or push the corf. This job saw the child sit in a small cutting waiting for the hurriers to approach. They would then open the trapdoors to allow the hurrier and his cargo through. The trappers also opened the trapdoors to provide ventilation in some locations.[3][5][6]
As mines grew larger the volume of coal extracted increased beyond the pulling capabilities of children. Instead horses guided by coal drivers were used to pull the corves. These drivers were usually older children between the ages of 10 and 14.[6]
Legislation
In August 1842 the Children's Employment Commission drew up an act of Parliament which gave a minimum working age for boys in mines, though the age varied between districts and even between mines. The Mines and Collieries Act 1842 also outlawed the employment of women and girls in mines.[2][3] In 1870 it became compulsory for all children aged between five and thirteen to go to school, ending much of the hurrying. It was still a common profession for school leavers well into the 1920s.[2]
The 1969 song The Testimony of Patience Kershaw[7] by Frank Higgins (recorded by Roy Bailey[8] and The Unthanks) is based on the testimony of Patience Kershaw (aged 17) when she spoke to the Children's Employment Commission.[9] Her testimony includes: "The bald place upon my head is made by thrusting the corves ... I hurry the corves a mile and more underground and back; they weigh 3 cwt ... The getters that I work for are naked except for their caps ... Sometimes they beat me if I am not quick enough".[10] It was published in My Song Is My Own (compiled by Kathy Henderson, Pluto Press, 1979).[11]
See also
References
- ^ Channel 4. "The Worst Jobs in History - Hurrier". Accessed from the Wayback Machine on 13 November 2009.
- ^ a b c d e HalifaxToday.co.uk. "The Nature Of Work". Accessed 17 February 2007.
- ^ a b c North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers. 2007. "Ages at which children and young persons are employed in coal mines". Accessed 17 February 2007.
- ^ a b Rev. T. M. Eddy. July 1854. "Women in the British Mines". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com, Accessed 17 February 2007.
- ^ Durham Mining Museum, "Mining Occupations". Accessed 19 February 2007.
- ^ a b Riley, Bill. Pitwork.net. "Early Coal Mining History: Child Labour". Accessed 13 November 2009.
- ^ "Testimony of Patience Kershaw". Sniff.numachi.com. Retrieved 2016-08-09.
- ^ If I Knew Who the Enemy Was Fuse Records CF 284; 1979
- ^ "Testimony Gathered by Ashley's Mines Commission". Victorianweb.org. 2002-09-26. Retrieved 2016-08-09.
- ^ Lloyd, A. L. (1975) Folk Song in England. Frogmore: Granada Publishing ISBN 0-586-08210-7; p. 327
- ^ "Although the Honourable Gentlemen of the Commission may have been hearing the shocking news for the first time, contemporary songs and broadsheets, like "The Collier Lass", had made the predicament of the women and children working in the mines common knowledge in the streets."--Henderson, K. et al. My Song Is My Own; pp. 151-52
External links
|
Look up hurrying in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- "Mining in the Victorian Age" – National Coal Mining Museum for England.
- "The Pit in Poems" – This Is Lancashire.
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Respiratory symptoms and illness in older Australians: the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study.
- Toelle BG, Xuan W, Bird TE, Abramson MJ, Atkinson DN, Burton DL, James AL, Jenkins CR, Johns DP, Maguire GP, Musk AW, Walters EH, Wood-Baker R, Hunter ML, Graham BJ, Southwell PJ, Vollmer WM, Buist AS, Marks GB.SourceDepartment of Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia. brett.toelle@woolcock.org.au
- The Medical journal of Australia.Med J Aust.2013 Feb 18;198(3):144-8.
- OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among people aged 40 years or older in Australia.DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A cross-sectional study of people in the community aged ≥ 40 years, selected at random using electoral rolls, in six sites chosen
- PMID 23418694
- Slipping and tripping: fall injuries in adults associated with rugs and carpets.
- Rosen T, Mack KA, Noonan RK.SourceNational Center for Injury Prevention & Control, Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
- Journal of injury & violence research.J Inj Violence Res.2013 Jan;5(1):61-9. doi: 10.5249/jivr.v5i1.177. Epub 2012 Aug 6.
- BACKGROUND: Falls are a leading cause of unintentional injury among adults age 65 years and older. Loose, unsecured rugs and damaged carpets with curled edges, are recognized environmental hazards that may contribute to falls. To characterize nonfatal, unintentional fall-related injuries associated
- PMID 22868399
- [Mourning and depression, from the attachment theory perspective].
- Wolfberg E, Ekboir A, Faiman G, Finzi J, Freedman M, Heath A, Martínez de Cipolatti MC.SourceAsociación Psicoanalítica Argentina (APA), Espacio Bowlby (APA), Carrera de Especialista en Psiquiatría, UBA, Capítulo de Psiquiatría Preventiva de APSA. psico@telecentro.com.ar
- Vertex (Buenos Aires, Argentina).Vertex.2011 Jan-Feb;22(95):19-27.
- Since depression, according to OMS, is such a worldwide condition, it is necessary to be able to distinguish a normal mourning from a pathological mourning and a depression, so as to qualify patients and health professionals to be able to support a normal mourning without medicating it nor hurrying
- PMID 21505643
Japanese Journal
- 2107 注意配分特性に基づく先急ぎ運転行動の解析と検出手法への応用(OS9-2 ビークルシミュレータの応用,OS9 ビークルシミュレータの開発と応用,オーガナイズド・セッション(OS))
- 三つ組みフォーマライゼーションと社会学理論:―古典，類型，事例―
- 歩行者の信号無視行動に関する観察的検討 : 急ぎ要因と慣れ要因の影響について
Related Links
- v. hur·ried, hur·ry·ing, hur·ries. v.intr. To move or act with speed or haste. v.tr. 1. To cause to move or act with speed or haste: hurried the children to school. 2. To cause to move or act with undue haste; rush: was hurried into marriage. 3.
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