ハードル、障害物

WordNet

jump a hurdle
a light movable barrier that competitors must leap over in certain races
an obstacle that you are expected to overcome; "the last hurdle before graduation"
an athlete who runs the hurdles
a footrace in which contestants must negotiate a series of hurdles (同)hurdling, hurdle race

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〈C〉(競技用)ハードル,障害物 / 《複数形で;単数扱い》ハードル競走 / 〈C〉困難,障害物 / 〈C〉(臨時に家畜の囲いなどに用いる移動式の)編み垣 / (競技で)〈ハードルなど〉‘を'跳び越す / 〈困難・障害など〉‘を'克服する,‘に'打ち勝つ(overcome)
ハードル競技選手

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/12/20 19:58:19」(JST)

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Track and field hurdles

A traditional wattle hurdle

A horse free-jumping a steeplechase-type hurdle

A mobile cattle pen made using steel hurdles; attached to a cattle crush in foreground

A hurdle (UK English, limited US English) is a moveable section of light fence. In the United States, terms such as "panel", "pipe panel" or simply "fence section" are used to describe moveable sections of fencing intended for agricultural use and crowd control; "hurdle" refers primarily to fences used as jumping obstacles for steeplechasing with horses or human track and field competition.

Traditional hurdles were made from wattle, but modern designs for fencing are often made of metal. They are used for handling livestock, as decorative fencing, for steeplechasing and in the track and field event of hurdling.

Types

Traditional hurdles are made from wattle, usually of hazel or willow. Hurdle-making is a traditional woodland craft, done by placing upright sticks in holes in a log and weaving split branches between them. Historically they were used to pen livestock or to separate land in open field systems, but they are now popular as decorative fencing for gardens. In medieval England such a hurdle was sometimes used as a makeshift sledge, to which a prisoner was tied to be dragged behind a horse to a place of execution.^[1]
Modern livestock hurdles, known as panels or "pipe panels" in the USA, are used for sorting, handling or loading animals where permanent fencing is impractical or uneconomic. They are made of steel or aluminium, and vary in size. For sheep, they are usually 6 ft (1.8 m) long and 3 ft 1 in (0.94 m) high, while for cattle they are commonly 9 ft (2.7 m) or more long and 5 ft (1.5 m) high. They are usually joined by pins or hooks, both to each other and to handling facilities such as a cattle crush. While individual hurdles are easily knocked over by animals, when joined in a ring or to solid objects they make a secure fence. Single hurdles are often used as a temporary gate or to block a gap in a hedge. Hurdles are often supplied in a set together with a mobile cattle crush and a trailer for easy transport.
Wattle hurdles are also used in hedges and river restoration.^[2] They are an environmentally friendly way of adding strength to river banks to stop erosion and create a living space for wild plants and animals. Hurdles are also used to aid the growth of new hedges. They protect the young hedge plants and will slowly rot away as the hedge grows making a stronger hedge when it is time for laying a mature hedge.^[3]
Hurdles used as jumps in hunt racing are similar to traditional hurdles.
The barriers used in human track and field hurdling vary. A bar firmly attached to two posts is used for long distances, while a light metal frame on a stand is used for sprint hurdling.

References

^ "Perkin Warbeck (1474-99)". channel4.com. 25 March 2009. Archived from the original on 23 Dec 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
^ "River Restoration and Riverbank Conservation". parsons hurdles.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 Oct 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
^ "Hedge Laying and Hedgerow Management". parsonshurdles.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 Oct 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2016.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Cerebroprotective action of angiotensin peptides in stroke.

Regenhardt RW, Bennion DM, Sumners C.Author information *Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100274, Gainesville, FL 32610-0274, U.S.A.AbstractThe goal of the present review is to examine the evidence for beneficial actions of manipulation of the RAS (renin-angiotensin system) in stroke, with particular focus on Ang-(1-7) [angiotensin-(1-7)] and its receptor Mas. The RAS appears to be highly involved in the multifactorial pathophysiology of stroke. Blocking the effects of AngII (angiotensin II) at AT1R (AngII type 1 receptor), through the use of commonly prescribed ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors or AT1R blockers, has been shown to have therapeutic effects in both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. In contrast with the deleterious actions of over activation of AT1R by AngII, stimulation of AT2Rs (AngII type 2 receptors) in the brain has been demonstrated to elicit beneficial effects in stroke. Likewise, the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis of the RAS has been shown to have therapeutic effects in stroke when activated, countering the effects of the ACE/AngII/AT1R axis. Studies have demonstrated that activating this axis in the brain elicits beneficial cerebral effects in rat models of ischaemic stroke, and we have also demonstrated the cerebroprotective potential of this axis in haemorrhagic stroke using stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats and collagenase-induced striatal haemorrhage. The mechanism of cerebroprotection elicited by ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas activation includes anti-inflammatory effects within the brain parenchyma. The major hurdle to overcome in translating these results to humans is devising strategies to activate the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas cerebroprotective axis using post-stroke treatments that can be administered non-invasively.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 Feb;126(3):195-205. doi: 10.1042/CS20130324.
The goal of the present review is to examine the evidence for beneficial actions of manipulation of the RAS (renin-angiotensin system) in stroke, with particular focus on Ang-(1-7) [angiotensin-(1-7)] and its receptor Mas. The RAS appears to be highly involved in the multifactorial pathophysiology o
PMID 24102099

Glutathione and cysteine enhance porcine preimplantation embryo development in vitro after intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Li XX1, Lee KB2, Lee JH1, Kim KJ1, Kim EY1, Han KW1, Park KS1, Yu J1, Kim MK3.Author information 1Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.2Institute of Agricultural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.3Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea. Electronic address: kminkyu@cnu.ac.kr.AbstractBecause intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) had been introduced to animal science, not only reproductive biology of domestic animals, but also medicine to treat infertility has been developed. This assisted reproductive technology is beneficial for generating transgenic animals, especially pigs, because polyspermy is the greatest hurdle in porcine IVF when researchers make highly qualified preimplantation embryos. However, ICSI-derived embryos expressed high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to cause serious dysfunction during preimplantation development. The objective of this study was to investigate the developmental competence, ROS level, and apoptosis index when glutathione (GSH) or cysteine was supplemented into the in vitro culture medium for ICSI-derived porcine embryos. First, we evaluated the effect of different concentrations of GSH or cysteine on developmental ability of porcine ICSI-derived embryos. The cleavage rate (79.6%) and the blastocyst formation rate (20.9%) were significantly improved in culture medium supplemented with 1 mmol/L GSH compared with other concentrations or no supplementation. Also, 1.71 mmol/L cysteine showed a significantly higher proportion of cleavage (80.7%) and blastocyst formation (22.5%) than other cysteine-supplemented groups. Next, we confirmed that intracellular ROS level was significantly reduced in the group of blastocysts cultured with GSH or cysteine after ICSI compared with the no supplementation group. Finally, we found that terminal uridine nick-end labeling index, fragmentation, and total apoptosis were significantly decreased and the total cell number was significantly increased in blastocysts when ICSI-derived embryos were cultured with supplementation of 1.71 mmol/L cysteine or 1 mmol/L GSH. Taken together, these results strongly indicate that GSH or cysteine can improve the developmental competence of porcine ICSI-derived embryos by reducing intracellular ROS level and the apoptosis index.
Theriogenology.Theriogenology.2014 Jan 15;81(2):309-14. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.030. Epub 2013 Oct 1.
Because intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) had been introduced to animal science, not only reproductive biology of domestic animals, but also medicine to treat infertility has been developed. This assisted reproductive technology is beneficial for generating transgenic animals, especially pigs,
PMID 24139601

Nano-visualization of viral DNA breaching the nucleocytoplasmic barrier.

Meyring-Wösten A1, Hafezi W2, Kühn J2, Liashkovich I1, Shahin V3.Author information 1Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Robert-Koch Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany.2Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Domagkstr.10, 48149 Münster, Germany.3Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Robert-Koch Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany. Electronic address: shahin@uni-muenster.de.AbstractNuclear pore complexes (NPCs) mediate all transport between the cytosol and the nucleus highly selectively. Their selectivity can become an insurmountable hurdle for exogenously applied therapeutic macromolecules. Many viruses naturally overcome the NPC barrier. Therefore, gene therapy often utilizes viral particles as nano-carriers for exogenous therapeutic macromolecules. Viral gene therapy, however, frequently leads to severe adverse effects. We intend to elucidate the mechanisms underlying controlled release of viral DNA at the NPC in order to design new non-viral approach for intranuclear DNA delivery. For this purpose, we developed a comprehensive experimental strategy combining nano-imaging and biochemical methods. Here, we apply Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as an ideal example. HSV-1 contains its long 145kbp DNA in a capsid which is merely 125nm in size. The capsid shields and targets the DNA specifically to the NPC. Only at the NPC, the capsid releases the DNA for nuclear delivery. The underlying mechanisms of this multi-step process remain unresolved. In this work we follow the fate of HSV-1 DNA in the process of transit across the NPC. Our results indicate an involvement of hydrophobicity for capsid opening. Furthermore, the DNA is presumably released as a single thread. We assume that it penetrates the NPC in this conformation. It is compacted by the host intranuclear proteins once it reaches the interior of the nucleus. Our proposed experimental strategy can be extended to other viruses. Moreover, our observations may help design potent non-viral based nano-carriers for gene therapy.
Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.J Control Release.2014 Jan 10;173:96-101. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.10.036. Epub 2013 Nov 6.
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) mediate all transport between the cytosol and the nucleus highly selectively. Their selectivity can become an insurmountable hurdle for exogenously applied therapeutic macromolecules. Many viruses naturally overcome the NPC barrier. Therefore, gene therapy often utilize
PMID 24211704

Exploring the effects of roadway characteristics on the frequency and severity of head-on crashes: Case studies from Malaysian Federal Roads.

Hosseinpour M, Yahaya AS, Sadullah AF.Author information School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.AbstractHead-on crashes are among the most severe collision types and of great concern to road safety authorities. Therefore, it justifies more efforts to reduce both the frequency and severity of this collision type. To this end, it is necessary to first identify factors associating with the crash occurrence. This can be done by developing crash prediction models that relate crash outcomes to a set of contributing factors. This study intends to identify the factors affecting both the frequency and severity of head-on crashes that occurred on 448 segments of five federal roads in Malaysia. Data on road characteristics and crash history were collected on the study segments during a 4-year period between 2007 and 2010. The frequency of head-on crashes were fitted by developing and comparing seven count-data models including Poisson, standard negative binomial (NB), random-effect negative binomial, hurdle Poisson, hurdle negative binomial, zero-inflated Poisson, and zero-inflated negative binomial models. To model crash severity, a random-effect generalized ordered probit model (REGOPM) was used given a head-on crash had occurred. With respect to the crash frequency, the random-effect negative binomial (RENB) model was found to outperform the other models according to goodness of fit measures. Based on the results of the model, the variables horizontal curvature, terrain type, heavy-vehicle traffic, and access points were found to be positively related to the frequency of head-on crashes, while posted speed limit and shoulder width decreased the crash frequency. With regard to the crash severity, the results of REGOPM showed that horizontal curvature, paved shoulder width, terrain type, and side friction were associated with more severe crashes, whereas land use, access points, and presence of median reduced the probability of severe crashes. Based on the results of this study, some potential countermeasures were proposed to minimize the risk of head-on crashes.
Accident; analysis and prevention.Accid Anal Prev.2014 Jan;62:209-22. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.10.001. Epub 2013 Oct 11.
Head-on crashes are among the most severe collision types and of great concern to road safety authorities. Therefore, it justifies more efforts to reduce both the frequency and severity of this collision type. To this end, it is necessary to first identify factors associating with the crash occurren
PMID 24172088