WordNet

used of your own ground; "a home game"
an environment offering affection and security; "home is where the heart is"; "he grew up in a good Christian home"; "theres no place like home"
an institution where people are cared for; "a home for the elderly" (同)nursing_home, rest home
where you live at a particular time; "deliver the package to my home"; "he doesnt have a home to go to"; "your place or mine?" (同)place
place where something began and flourished; "the United States is the home of basketball"
the country or state or city where you live; "Canadian tariffs enabled United States lumber companies to raise prices at home"; "his home is New Jersey"
inside the country; "the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior"; "the nations internal politics" (同)interior, internal, national
at or to or in the direction of ones home or family; "He stays home on weekends"; "after the game the children brought friends home for supper"; "Ill be home tomorrow"; "came riding home in style"; "I hope you will come home for Christmas"; "Ill take her home"; "dont forget to write home"
on or to the point aimed at; "the arrow struck home"
provide with, or send to, a home
relating to or being where one lives or where ones roots are; "my home town"
return home accurately from a long distance; "homing pigeons"
to the fullest extent; to the heart; "drove the nail home"; "drove his point home"; "his comments hit home"
(medicine) the act of caring for someone (as by medication or remedial training etc.); "the quarterback is undergoing treatment for a knee injury"; "he tried every treatment the doctors suggested"; "heat therapy gave the best relief"
orienting or directing homeward or to a destination; "the homing instinct"; "a homing beacon"
a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas; constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume; the most abundant element in the earths crust (同)O, atomic number 8

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉《おもに米》(家族の住む)『家』,住居,わが家 / 〈U〉〈C〉『家庭』,家庭生活 / 〈U〉『生まれ故郷』,長く住んでいる所;故国,本国 / 〈C〉(動物の)生息地,(植物の)原産地;(物・思想などの)発祥地,本場 / 〈C〉(家のない人・病人などの)『収容施設』,ホーム《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉決勝点,ゴール;(野球で)本塁,ホーム / 『家庭の』;故郷の / 『国内の』,自国の / ぐさりと急所をつく,胸にこたえる / (スポーツの試合などが)地元(ホームグランド)で行われる / 『家へ』(に);故郷へ(に);本国(母国)へ(に) / (ねらった所に)ずぶりと,深々と / 胸にこたえるぼと,ぎくりと / 〈人が〉帰宅(帰国)する;〈ハトなどが〉巣に帰る / 〈誘導単;飛行機などが〉(目標に)向かう,(…へ)誘導される《+『in on』+『名』》 / (特定の場所に)家を持つ,住む / 〈誘導弾・飛行機など〉‘を'誘導する / 〈人〉‘に'家を与える
(病気の)治療,療法 / =psychotherapy
家に帰る;(ハトなどが)巣にもどる / (目的地への)誘導装置をもつ / 帰ること,帰還;(ハトなどの)帰巣性
『酸素』(化学記号はO)
ほう(驚き・賞賛・冷笑などの発声);お‐い(呼びかけ・注意などの発声)
娼婦・売春婦：（whoreの発音をくずしたもの）

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/12 11:23:53」(JST)

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A Philips Respironics Oxygen Concentrator (humidifier attached)

An Invacare Perfecto 2 oxygen concentrator

Portable oxygen concentrator (or POC) is a portable device used to provide oxygen therapy to patients at substantially higher oxygen concentrations than the levels of ambient air. It is very similar to a home oxygen concentrator, but is smaller in size and more mobile. The portable oxygen concentrator makes it easy for patients to travel freely; they are small enough to fit in a car and many concentrators are now FAA-approved.

Development

Portable oxygen concentrators have been around for decades, but the older versions were bulky, unreliable, and were not permitted on airplanes. Since 2000, manufacturers have improved their reliability and they now produce anywhere between one and six liters per minute (LPM) of oxygen. The portable concentrators plug directly into a regular house outlet for charging at home or hotel, but they came with a power adapter that can usually be plugged into a vehicle DC adapter. They have the ability to operate from the battery power as well for either ambulatory use, or away from a power source, or on an airplane.

How does it work?

Portable oxygen concentrators operate on the same principle as a home domestic concentrator, operating through a series of cycles. Air at barometric pressure contains 21% oxygen combined with nitrogen and a mixture of other gases. A miniaturised air compressor inside the machine will pressurise this air through a system of chemical filters known as a molecular sieve. This filter is made up of silicate granules called Zeolite which sieves the nitrogen out of the air, concentrating the oxygen. Part of the oxygen produced is delivered to the patient; part is fed back into the sieves to clear them of the accumulated nitrogen, preparing them for the next cycle. Through this process, the system is capable of producing medical grade oxygen of up to 90% consistently. The latest models can be powered from mains electricity supply, 12v DC (car/boat etc.), and battery packs making the patient free from relying on using cylinders and other current solutions that put a restriction on time, weight, and size.

Most of the current portable oxygen concentrator systems provide oxygen on a pulse (on-demand) delivery in order to maximise the purity of the oxygen. The system supplies a high concentration of oxygen and is used with a nasal cannula to channel oxygen from the concentrator to the patient.

Benefits

Portable oxygen therapy allows oxygen therapy patients to maintain their mobility and independence throughout their day-to-day activities. Here are some benefits of using portable oxygen concentrators:^[1]

Allows patients to utilize oxygen therapy 24/7, which helps increase survival.

Portable oxygen concentrators help improve exercise tolerance, as supplemental oxygen during exercise helps you exercise longer.

Helps increase stamina throughout day-to-day activities.

Freedom to travel lightly and easily. No need to carry around heavy oxygen tanks which are difficult, heavy, and dangerous (explosive properties).

In addition to this, portable oxygen has a variety of uses commercially;^[2] for example, for use in the glass-blowing industry, health clubs, beauty spas as well as airports.^[3]

The difference between on-demand & continuous flow

On-demand (also called intermittent-flow or pulse-dose) POCs are the smallest, often no bigger than a briefcase or picnic cooler and weighing about 5 pounds or less. These deliver oxygen only when patients inhale, avoiding the waste of oxygen during exhalation. Their ability to conserve oxygen is key to keeping the units so compact without sacrificing the duration of oxygen supply.^[4] Sleek, slim exterior cases, some with form-fitted carrying bags, optimize the flexibility to take these units almost anywhere—even to altitudes of 10,000 feet—as long as there's sufficient battery run time until the next opportunity to recharge.

Another type of POC combines on-demand and continuous-flow capabilities to meet a wider range of patient needs. These dual-supply concentrators can provide a larger volume of oxygen than smaller on-demand units, but there's a trade-off: they need bigger, heavier battery supplies (or battery run time is reduced) and they weigh almost twice as much, between 10 and 20 pounds. These dual-system converters often come with built-in wheels or a cart to offset the extra weight without compromising mobility.^[5]

Although each category includes multiple brands with varied characteristics, the most important consideration for any POC is its ability to supply adequate supplementary oxygen to relieve hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) during normal activities of daily living.^[6] With continuous-flow, oxygen delivery is measured in LPM (litres per minute). With on-demand or pulse-flow, delivery is measured by the size (in millilitres) of the "bolus" of oxygen per breath, referring to a burst of oxygen released at the instant of inhalation. Other important variables include maximum oxygen purity (oxygen percentage), the number and increment of settings for adjusting oxygen flow, and battery capacity (or number of add-on batteries) and power cord options for recharging.

Although portable concentrators are an appealing option for active patients, it is not simple to match any patient's unique physiology and varying oxygen needs with the right oxygen equipment. Instead, it is a job for a specialist with extended training, such as a pulmonologist, to prescribe the correct oxygen flow and, with the help of a respiratory therapist, begin the trial and error process of choosing a POC that best suits a patient's needs.

A great deal of controversy has surrounded the suitability of portable concentrators during sleep. On-demand units are typically not advised for patients with sleep apnea, who usually require a CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) mask. For patients without apnea, the use of portable concentrators during sleep is on the rise, especially with the advent of alarms and technology that detects a patient's slower breathing during sleep and adjusts the flow or bolus size accordingly. ^[7] ^[4]

FAA approval

On May 13, 2009, The Department of Transportation (DOT) ruled that air carriers conducting passenger capacity of more than 19 seats, must allow travelers with a disability to use an FAA approved Portable Oxygen Concentrator (POC) on all flights, unless the POC does not abide by valid FAA requirements.^[8] POC labeling by the FAA was expected to be complete by May 13, 2009. The DOT rules regarding Oxygen Concentrators have been adopted by many international airlines around the world, but airline customers need to check with their carrier to find out the rules for their particular airline of choice. A list of Portable Oxygen Concentrators approved for air travel is provided on the FAA website.^[9]

Future of Portable Oxygen Concentrators

The market for portable oxygen concentrators was at $242.5 million in 2012 and is expected to rise to $1.9 billion by year 2019. The growth is attributable to new competitors coming into the market, demand for the lighter technology by consumers, and the need of greater mobility support for the elderly. The competition is expected to drive innovation, resulting in lighter units and lower prices.^[10]

Comparison of POCs

Intermittent flow (IF)-only products weighed in the range of from 2.8 to 9.9 pounds (1.3 to 4.5 kg). The continuous flow (CF) units were between 10 and 20 pounds (4.5 to 9.0 kg).^[11]

Due to limitations in sensing inhalation during sleep, some patients need continuous flow while sleeping, as indicated above. Patients who are ambulatory often encounter difficulty moving without catching the tubes from stationary oxygen concentrators on everyday objects like furniture and doors.

References

^ "Portable Oxygen". Inogen Oxygen.
^ commercially
^ http://www.healthoxygen.com/blog/for-what-purpose-do-you-use-your-oxygen-concentrator/
^ ^a ^b "Continuous Flow vs Pulse Dose". http://hme-business.com. Home Medical Equipment Business. Retrieved 2015-01-27.
^ "Oxygen Concentrators". Direct Home Medical. Retrieved 2015-01-16.
^ Sam, Giordano. "Points to Ponder before Selecting a POC" (PDF). www.COPDfoundation.org. American Assoc. for Respiratory Care. Retrieved 2015-01-27.
^ Waters, Allison (2012-11-07). "Choosing the Best Portable Oxygen Concentrator: Start with the Flow". POC News & More. Retrieved 2014-07-30.
^ FAA Approves Portable Oxygen Concentrators
^ FAA Approved Portable Oxygen Concentrators - Positive Testing Results, United States Federal Aviation Administration, 2014-02-07, retrieved 2014-07-30
^ Future of Portable Oxygen Concentrators
^ A Guide to Portable Oxygen Concentrators (PDF), American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC), 2013, retrieved 2014-07-30 (dead link)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 長期酸素補充療法 long term supplemental oxygen therapy
2. 携帯用の酸素投与機器および酸素節約機器 portable oxygen delivery and oxygen conserving devices
3. 安定した慢性閉塞性肺疾患（COPD）のマネージメント management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
4. 経気管酸素療法 transtracheal oxygen therapy
5. 酸素を備えている民間航空機での旅行 traveling with oxygen aboard commercial air carriers

English Journal

PMID 21492983

Health-illness transition among persons using advanced medical technology at home.

Fex A, Flensner G, Ek AC, Soderhamn O.SourceDepartment of Nursing, Health and Culture, University West Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Sweden Department of Health, Faculty of Health and Sport and Centre for Caring Research Southern Norway, Faculty of Health and Sport, University of Agder, Norway.
Scandinavian journal of caring sciences." abstractLink="yes" alsec="jour" alterm="Scand J Caring Sci.2011 Jun;25(2):253-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2010.00820.x. Epub 2010 Aug 16.
Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 253-261 Health-illness transition among persons using advanced medical technology at home This study aimed to elucidate meanings of health-illness transition experiences among adult persons using advanced medical technology at home. As an increasing number of persons pe
PMID 20718935