holdup

　

WordNet

1. an armed thief (同)stickup man
2. take and maintain control over, often by violent means; "The dissatisfied students held the Presidents office for almost a week"
3. keep from exhaling or expelling; "hold your breath"
4. a cell in a jail or prison (同)keep
5. a stronghold
6. power by which something or someone is affected or dominated; "he has a hold over them"
7. contain or hold; have within; "The jar carries wine"; "The canteen holds fresh water"; "This can contains water" (同)bear, carry, contain
8. support or hold in a certain manner; "She holds her head high"; "He carried himself upright" (同)carry, bear
9. be the physical support of; carry the weight of; "The beam holds up the roof"; "He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam"; "Whats holding that mirror?" (同)support, sustain, hold_up
10. have or hold in ones hands or grip; "Hold this bowl for a moment, please"; "A crazy idea took hold of him" (同)take_hold
11. organize or be responsible for; "hold a reception"; "have, throw, or make a party"; "give a course" (同)throw, have, make, give
12. aim, point, or direct; "Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames"
13. assert or affirm; "Rousseaus philosophy holds that people are inherently good"
14. cover as for protection against noise or smell; "She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate"; "hold ones nose"
15. have as a major characteristic; "The novel holds many surprises"; "The book holds in store much valuable advise"
16. hold the attention of; "The soprano held the audience"; "This story held our interest"; "She can hold an audience spellbound"
17. keep from departing; "Hold the taxi"; "Hold the horse"
18. remain committed to; "I hold to these ideas"
19. remain in a certain state, position, or condition; "The weather held"; "They held on the road and kept marching"
20. stop dealing with; "hold all calls to the Presidents office while he is in a meeting"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (ピストルなどを使って)強盗すること / (輸送の)停滞;遅延
2. (手などに)…‘を'『持つ』,『持っている』,つかむ,つかんでいる・〈人・物〉‘を'『押しとどめる』,押えておく,留めておく・《副詞[句]を伴って》(ある位置・状態に)〈手・足など体の一部〉‘を'『保つ』(keep) ・〈容器などが〉〈物など〉‘を'『入れている』,収容できる(進行形にできない) ・〈重い荷物など〉‘に'耐える,持ちこたえる(bear);〈物〉‘を'支える(support) ・〈職・地位など〉‘を'占める,占めている(進行形にできない) ・〈土地・財産など〉‘を'所有している(進行形にできない) ・〈会など〉‘を'開催する,〈式〉‘を'行う・〈軍隊などが〉〈土地など〉‘を'確保する;(敵などから)〈とりでなど〉‘を'守る《+『名』+『against』+『名』》・〈注意・関心・興味など〉‘を'引きつけておく,引き留めておく・〈考え・意見など〉‘を'心にいだいている・…‘と'考える,信ずる / 『しっかりと付いている』,切れ(折れ)ないでいる・(…に)『しっかりつかまっている』,しがみついている《+『to』+『名』》・(約束・信念などを)固く守る《+『to』+『名』》・《『hold』+『形』〈補〉》(…の)『ままである』・(引き続いて)有効である,当てはまる・〈U〉〈C〉(…を)‐手でつかむ(握る)こと』,把握《+『of』(『on』)+『名』》・〈U〉(人の心などを)つかむこと,支配[力],掌握《+『on』(『over』)+『名』》・〈C〉つかまるもの,手(足)がかり・(音楽の記号の)フェルマータ
3. 船倉;(飛行機の)貨物室

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/22 15:24:38」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Robbery (disambiguation).

"Robber", "Holdup", and "Stick up" redirect here. For other uses, see Robber (disambiguation), Holdup (disambiguation), and Stick up (disambiguation).

Criminal law
Part of the common law series
Element (criminal law)
Actus reus Mens rea Causation Concurrence
Scope of criminal liability
Complicity Corporate Vicarious
Seriousness of offense
Felony Misdemeanor
Inchoate offenses
Attempt Conspiracy Incitement Solicitation
Offence against the person
Assault Battery Criminal negligence Assassination False imprisonment Kidnapping Mayhem Robbery Sexual assault Homicide Murder Felony murder Manslaughter Negligent homicide Vehicular homicide
Crimes against property
Arson Blackmail Burglary Embezzlement Extortion False pretenses Fraud Larceny Possessing stolen property Robbery Theft
Crimes against justice
Compounding Misprision Obstruction Perjury Malfeasance in office Perverting the course of justice
Defences to liability
Automatism Consent Defence of property Diminished responsibility Duress Entrapment Ignorantia juris non excusat Infancy Insanity Justification Mistake (of law) Necessity Provocation Self-defence
Other common law areas
Contracts Evidence Property Torts Wills, trusts and estates
Portals
Criminal justice Law

Rōnin robbing a merchant's house in Japan around 1860.

Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take something of value by force or threat of force or by putting the victim in fear. At common law, robbery is defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that property, by means of force or fear. Precise definitions of the offence may vary between jurisdictions. Robbery is differentiated from other forms of theft (such as burglary, shoplifting or car theft) by its inherently violent nature (a violent crime); whereas many lesser forms of theft are punished as misdemeanors, robbery is always a felony for this reason. Under English law, most forms of theft are triable either way, whereas robbery is triable only on indictment.

The word "rob" came via French from Late Latin words (e.g. deraubare) of Germanic origin, from Common Germanic raub — "theft".

Among the types of robbery are armed robbery involving use of a weapon and aggravated robbery involving use of a deadly weapon or something that appears to be a deadly weapon. Highway robbery or "mugging" takes place outside or in a public place such as a sidewalk, street, or parking lot. Carjacking is the act of stealing a car from a victim by force. Extortion is the threat to do something illegal, or the offer to not do something illegal, in the event that goods are not given, primarily using words instead of actions.

Criminal slang for robbery includes "blagging" (armed robbery, usually of a bank) or "stick-up" (derived from the verbal command to robbery targets to raise their hands in the air), and "steaming" (organized robbery on underground train systems).

Republic of Ireland

Robbery is a statutory offence in the Republic of Ireland. It is created by section 14(1) of the Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act, 2001, which provides:

A person is guilty of robbery if he or she steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing so, and in order to do so, uses force on any person or puts or seeks to put any person in fear of being then and there subjected to force.

United Kingdom

England and Wales

Robbery is a statutory offence in England and Wales. It is created by section 8(1) of the Theft Act 1968 which reads:

A person is guilty of robbery if he steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing so, and in order to do so, he uses force on any person or puts or seeks to put any person in fear of being then and there subjected to force.

Aggravated theft

Robbery is the only offence of aggravated theft.

Aggravated robbery

There are no offences of aggravated robbery.

Steals

This requires evidence to prove a theft as set out in section 1(1) of the Theft Act 1968. In R v Robinson the defendant threatened the victim with a knife in order to recover money which he was actually owed. His conviction for robbery was quashed on the basis that Robinson had an honest, although unreasonable, belief (under Section 2(1)(a) of the Act) in his legal right to the money. See also R v Skivington [1968] 1 QB 166, [1967] 2 WLR 655, 131 JP 265, 111 SJ 72, [1967] 1 All ER 483, 51 Cr App R 167, CA.

In R v Hale (1978) the application of force and the stealing took place in different locations, and it was not possible to establish the timing; it was held that the appropriation necessary to prove theft was a continuing act, and the jury could correctly convict of robbery; this approach was followed in R v Lockley (1995) when the force was applied to a shopkeeper after property had been taken. It was argued that the theft should be regarded as complete by this time, and R v Gomez (1993), should apply; the court disagreed, preferring to follow R v Hale.

Actual or threatened force against a person

The threat or use of force must take place immediately before or at the time of the theft. Force used after the theft is complete will not turn the theft into a robbery.

The words "or immediately after" that appeared in section 23(1)(b) of the Larceny Act 1916 were deliberately omitted from section 8(1).

Robber assaults motorist in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The book "Archbold" said that the facts in R v Harman, which did not amount to robbery in 1620, would not amount to robbery now.

It was held in R v Dawson and James (1978) that "force" is an ordinary English word and its meaning should be left to the jury. This approach was confirmed in R v Clouden (1985) and Corcoran v Anderton (1980), both handbag-snatching cases. Stealing may involve a young child who is not aware that taking other persons' property is not in order.

Threat

The victim must be placed in apprehension or fear that force would be used immediately before or at the time of the taking of the property. A threat is not immediate if the wrongdoer threatens to use force of violence some future time.

Robbery occurs if an aggressor forcibly snatched a mobile phone or if he used a knife to make an implied threat of violence to the holder and then took the phone. The person being threatened does not need to be the owner of the property. It is not necessary that the victim was actually frightened, but the defendant must have put or sought to put the victim or some other person in fear of immediate force.

The force or threat may be directed against a third party, for example a customer in a jeweller's shop. Theft accompanied by a threat to damage property will not constitute robbery, but it may disclose an offence of blackmail.

Dishonestly dealing with property stolen during a robbery will constitute an offence of handling.

Mode of trial

Robbery is an indictable-only offence.

Sentence

Marauders attacking a group of travellers, by Jacques Courtois

Robbery is punishable with imprisonment for life or for any shorter term. It is also subject to the mandatory sentencing regime under the Criminal Justice Act 2003. On the 25 July 2006 the Sentencing Guidelines Council published Definitive Guideline on Robbery.

Following R v Mitchell (2005) All ER (D) 74, the sentencing guidelines provided in Attorney General's References (Nos 4 and 7 of 2002) (2002) EWCA Crim 127 no longer apply to street robbery involving the use of guns for which more severe deterrent sentences will almost invariably be required. In November 2005, the Sentencing Guidelines Council issued new draft guidelines concerning robbery.

History

"The Eveleigh Payroll Heist", 1914 was committed in the middle of the day in a busy area and has been reported to be the first robbery in Australia where a getaway car was used.

Common law

Robbery was an offence under the common law of England. Matthew Hale provided the following definition:

Robbery is the felonious and violent taking of any money or goods from the person of another, putting him in fear, be the value thereof above or under one shilling.

See the statutes 23 Hen 8 c 1 and 5 & 6 Edw 6 c 9 as to benefit of clergy. And also 25 Hen 8 c 3 and 1 Edw 6 c 12. And also 29 Eliz c 15 and 3 & 4 W & M c 9.

The common law offence of robbery was abolished for all purposes not relating to offences committed before 1 January 1969 by section 32(1)(a) of the Theft Act 1968.

Statute

See sections 40 to 43 of the Larceny Act 1861.

Section 23 of the Larceny Act 1916 read:

23.-(1) Every person who -

(a) being armed with any offensive weapon or instrument, or being together with one other person or more, robs, or assaults with intent to rob, any person;

(b) robs any person and, at the time of or immediately before or immediately after such robbery, uses any personal violence to any person;

shall be guilty of felony and on conviction thereof liable to penal servitude for life, and, in addition, if a male, to be once privately whipped.

(2) Every person who robs any person shall be guilty of felony and on conviction thereof liable to penal servitude for any term not exceeding fourteen years.

(3) Every person who assaults any person with intent to rob shall be guilty of felony and on conviction thereof liable to penal servitude for any term not exceeding five years.

This section provided maximum penalties for a number of offences of robbery and aggravated robbery.

The following cases relate to the use of force:

• R v Lapier (1784) 1 Leach 320
• R v Moore (1784) 1 Leach 335
• R v Davies (1803) 2 East PC 709
• R v Mason (1820) R & R 419
• R v Gnosil (1824) 1 C & P 304
• R v Walls and Hughes (1845) 2 C & K 214

Assault with intent to rob

If a robbery is foiled before it can be completed, an alternative offence under section 8(2) of the 1968 Act is assault; any act which intentionally or recklessly causes another to fear the immediate and unlawful use of force, with an intent to rob, will suffice.

The following cases are relevant:

• R v Trusty and Howard (1783) 1 East PC 418
• R v Sharwin (1785) 1 East PC 421

Mode of trial and sentence

Assault with intent to rob is an indictable-only offence. It is punishable with imprisonment for life or for any shorter term.

Assault with intent to rob is also subject to the mandatory sentencing regime under the Criminal Justice Act 2003.

Northern Ireland

Robbery is a statutory offence in Northern Ireland. It is created by section 8 of the Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969.

United States

In the United States, robbery is generally treated as an aggravated form of common law larceny. The elements of robbery are:

1. a trespassory
2. taking and
3. carrying away
4. of the personal property
5. of another
6. with the intent to steal
7. from the person or presence of the victim
8. by force or threat of force.

The first six elements are the same as common law larceny. It is the last two elements that aggravate the crime to common law robbery.

from the person or presence of the victim - robbery requires that the property be taken directly from the person of the victim or from his presence. Note that this is different from larceny which simply requires that property be taken from the victim’s possession, actual or constructive. Property is “on the victim's person” if the victim is actually holding the property, or the property is contained within clothing the vicitim is wearing or is attached to victim's body such as a watch or earrings. Property is in a person’s presence when it is within the area of his immediate control. The property has to be close enough to the victim's person that the victim could have prevented its taking if she had not been placed in fear or intimidation.

by force or threat of force - the use of force or threat of force is the defining element of robbery. For there to be robbery there must be “force or fear” in perpetrating the theft. Questions concerning the degree of force necessary for robbery have been the subject of much litigation. Merely snatching the property from the victim's person is not sufficient force unless the victim resists or one of the items is attached or carried in such a way that a significant amount of force must be used to free the item from the victim's person.

For robbery the victim must be placed in “fear” of immediate harm by threat or intimidation. The threat need not be directed at the victim personally. Threats to third parties are sufficient. The threat must be one of present rather than future personal harm. Fear does not mean “fright”. It means apprehension - an awareness of the danger of immediate bodily harm.

California

The maximum sentence for robbery in California is 9 years, according to Penal Code section 213(a)(1)(A).

The threat or use of force does not have to take place immediately before or at the time of the theft. Force used after the theft will turn the theft into a robbery unless the theft is complete. The theft is considered completed when the perpetrator reaches a place of temporary safety with the property.

Robbery statistics

Robberies, by country

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime notes "that when using the figures, any cross-national comparisons should be conducted with caution because of the differences that exist between the legal definitions of offences in countries, or the different methods of offence counting and recording". Also not every single crime is reported, meaning two things; (1) robbery rates are going to appear lower then they actually are and; (2) the percentage of crime that is not reported is going to be higher in some countries then others, for example - in one country 86% of the robberies were reported, whereas in another country only 67% of the robberies were reported. The last thing to note is that crime will vary by certain neighborhoods or areas in each country, so, just because a nation-wide rate is a specified rate, does not mean that everywhere in that country retains the same amount of danger or safety.

Robberies by Country
Country	Robberies	Rate	Year
Mexico	746,894	618.0	2012
Costa Rica	25,066	521.6	2012
Brazil	979,571	493.1	2012
Nicaragua	28,429	488.3	2010
Chile	81,664	467.6	2012
Uruguay	15,414	454.0	2012
Ecuador	52,655	375.5	2006
Trinidad and Tobago	4,436	331.7	2012
Swaziland	3,392	309.8	2004
Panama*	10,038	264.0	2012
Honduras	17,980	226.6	2012
Paraguay	15,006	224.4	2012
Barbados	555	196.0	2012
France*	123,814	193.7	2012
Maldives	597	190.2	2008
Guyana	1,401	176.1	2012
Portugal	18,514	174.6	2012
Colombia	82,620	173.2	2012
Peru	48,785	168.6	2009
Saint Kitts and Nevis	87	162.4	2010
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	170	155.5	2011
Belize	447	141.3	2011
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)	14,411	137.3	2012
Kazakhstan	20,259	124.5	2012
Botswana	2,461	123.9	2011
Bermuda	77	122.2	2004
United Kingdom (England and Wales)	65,156	116.2	2012
United States of America	354,520	111.7	2012
Italy	62,641	102.9	2012
Bahamas	369	100.7	2011
Jamaica	2,771	100.1	2012
Sweden	9,213	96.9	2012
Russian Federation	127,772	89.1	2011
Netherlands*	14,750	88.2	2012
El Salvador	5,521	87.7	2012
Grenada	89	84.4	2012
Morocco	25,935	82.9	2009
Malaysia	21,419	81.4	2006
Canada	27,680	79.5	2012
Luxembourg	398	77.1	2011
Switzerland*	6,076	76.0	2012
Zimbabwe	8,796	68.8	2008
Guatemala	9,539	68.2	2009
Mauritius	814	65.9	2011
Lesotho	1,270	63.8	2009
Lithuania	1,923	63.5	2012
Ireland	2,818	61.6	2012
Malta*	257	60.1	2012
Belarus	5,722	60.1	2009
Germany	48,711	58.8	2012
United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)	1,040	57.4	2012
Greece	5,992	53.9	2012
Denmark	2,987	53.4	2012
Ukraine	23,300	50.6	2010
Austria	4,092	48.3	2012
New Zealand	2,086	46.8	2012
Latvia	943	45.8	2012
Kyrgyzstan	2,434	45.0	2011
Burundi	4,266	44.7	2011
Poland	16,685	43.7	2012
Bulgaria	2,955	40.6	2012
Sri Lanka	7,943	40.2	2004
Serbia	3,791	39.7	2012
Croatia	1,588	36.9	2012
Israel	2,746	36.4	2011
Estonia	457	35.4	2012
United Kingdom (Scotland)	1,832	34.6	2012
Czech Republic	3,416	32.0	2012
Hungary	3,036	30.4	2012
Finland	1,616	29.9	2012
Norway*	1,484	29.7	2012
Philippines*	26,988	27.9	2012
Algeria*	10,709	27.8	2012
Bahrain	306	27.4	2008
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,010	26.3	2012
Kuwait	657	23.1	2009
Mozambique	5,267	22.5	2009
Macedonia	469	22.3	2012
Dominican Republic	2,091	20.3	2012
Mongolia	536	19.5	2011
Senegal	2,503	19.3	2010
Slovenia	391	18.9	2012
Slovakia	974	17.9	2012
Uganda	5,985	17.6	2010
Australia	3,839	16.9	2011
Iceland	50	15.3	2012
Cyprus	173	15.3	2012
Jordan	802	14.8	2006
Romania	3,193	14.7	2012
Georgia	638	14.5	2010
Liechtenstein	5	13.6	2012
Turkey	7,695	10.9	2008
Armenia	310	10.4	2012
Solomon Islands	52	10.3	2008
Albania	326	10.3	2012
Oman	255	9.8	2008
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China	616	8.6	2012
Andorra	6	7.7	2012
Kenya	3,262	7.6	2012
Singapore	290	5.5	2012
Republic of Korea	2,586	5.3	2012
Indonesia	12,355	5.0	2012
Republic of Moldova	167	4.8	2012
Syrian Arab Republic	870	4.3	2008
Tajikistan	288	3.7	2011
Lebanon	146	3.6	2006
Egypt	2,673	3.4	2011
Sierra Leone	184	3.3	2008
Cote d'Ivoire	591	3.2	2008
Turkmenistan	141	2.9	2006
Qatar	21	2.9	2004
Japan	3,658	2.9	2012
Azerbaijan	252	2.7	2012
Yemen	442	2.0	2009
India	23,393	1.9	2010
Nigeria	2,988	1.8	2012
Guinea	151	1.5	2007
Montenegro	7	1.1	2012
Thailand	500	0.8	2010
Bangladesh	856	0.6	2006
Nepal	148	0.6	2006
Sao Tome and Principe	1	0.5	2011
Brunei Darussalam	2	0.5	2006
United Arab Emirates	45	0.5	2012
Rwanda	27	0.2	2012
State of Palestine	4	0.1	2012

Homicides during a robbery, by country

Robbery Murders by Country
Country	% Of Homicides w/ Robbery Motive	Robbery Homicide Rate	Robbery Homicides	Year of Data
Bahamas	11.0%	3.82	14	2011
Dominican Republic	27.6%	6.10	626	2012
Grenada	7.1%	0.94	1	2012
Jamaica	36.5%	15.00	414	2011
Trinidad and Tobago	14.8%	3.91	52	2011
Costa Rica	16.2%	1.38	66	2012
El Salvador	0.9%	0.37	23	2012
Panama	8.9%	1.53	58	2012
Canada	7.9%	0.12	42	2011
United States of America	5.0%	0.24	733	2011
Colombia	3.6%	1.21	569	2011
Guyana	16.9%	2.77	22	2011
Uruguay	15.6%	0.92	31	2011
Japan	8.4%	0.03	37	2011
Mongolia	0.0%	0.00	0	2011
Republic of Korea	8.0%	0.07	34	2011
Singapore	6.3%	0.02	1	2011
Armenia	5.6%	0.10	3	2012
Azerbaijan	2.1%	0.04	4	2010
Cyprus	22.2%	0.18	2	2011
Georgia	0.5%	0.02	1	2010
Bulgaria	5.0%	0.10	7	2012
Czech Republic	4.7%	0.04	4	2011
Finland	1.8%	0.04	2	2011
Iceland	0.0%	0.00	0	2012
Albania	2.1%	0.09	3	2011
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.0%	0.00	0	2011
Croatia	0.0%	0.00	0	2012
Italy	5.1%	0.05	28	2011
Montenegro	4.8%	0.16	1	2011
Spain	3.0%	0.02	11	2012
Macedonia	3.3%	0.05	1	2011
Austria	4.2%	0.03	3	2011
Germany	9.4%	0.08	62	2011
Luxembourg	25.0%	0.20	1	2011
Switzerland	2.2%	0.01	1	2011
Australia	3.0%	0.04	8	2009

In popular culture

Robberies have been depicted, sometimes graphically, in several films. One of them is The Killing, by Stanley Kubrick. A rather unconventional view of a robbery is in Take the Money and Run, by Woody Allen. The aftermath of a robbery is shown, with abundance of lurid details, in Reservoir Dogs by Quentin Tarantino. Several robbers have become pop icons; for instance, John Dillinger or Bonnie and Clyde. Among those who have written their memoirs, the Italian Luciano Lutring; he called his book of recollections: Il solista del mitra, or The machine-gun soloist. Indeed, he worked alone (which is rather rare for a robber) and carried his machine gun in a violin case.

See also

• Aircraft hijacking
• Art theft
• Balaclava (clothing)
• Bank robbery
• Brigandage
• Burglary
• Bushranger
• Carjacking
• Convenience store crime
• Dacoit
• Flash mob robbery
• Gangs in the United States
• Hajduk
• Highwayman
• Home invasion
• Klepht
• Looting
• Mafia
• Marauder (disambiguation)
• Metal theft
• Millionaire tour
• Organized retail crime
• Outlaw
• Piracy
• Shanlin
• Snapphane
• Snatch theft
• Steaming
• Train robbery
• Truck hijacking

References

• Matthew Hale. Historia Placitorum Coronae. 1736. 1800 Edition. Volume 1. Chapter XLVI. Pages 532 to 538.

Further reading

• Allen, Michael. (2005). Textbook on Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-927918-7.
• Criminal Law Revision Committee. 8th Report. Theft and Related Offences. Cmnd. 2977
• Griew, Edward. Theft Acts 1968 & 1978. London: Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 0-421-19960-1
• Ormerod, David. (2005). Smith and Hogan Criminal Law, London: LexisNexis. ISBN 0-406-97730-5
• Smith, J. C. (1997). Law of Theft. London: LexisNexis. ISBN 0-406-89545-7

English Journal

• Effect of Nanoparticle Surface on the HPLC Elution Profile of Liposomal Nanoparticles.

• Itoh N1, Yamamoto E2, Santa T1, Funatsu T1, Kato M3.
• Pharmaceutical research.Pharm Res.2016 Jun;33(6):1440-6. doi: 10.1007/s11095-016-1886-4. Epub 2016 Feb 29.
• PURPOSE: Nanoparticles have been used in diverse areas, and even broader applications are expected in the future. Since surface modification can influence the configuration and toxicity of nanoparticles, a rapid screening method is important to ensure nanoparticle quality.METHODS: We examined the ef
• PMID 26928667

• The influence of polymeric membrane gas spargers on hydrodynamics and mass transfer in bubble column bioreactors.

• Tirunehe G1, Norddahl B2.
• Bioprocess and biosystems engineering.Bioprocess Biosyst Eng.2016 Apr;39(4):613-26. doi: 10.1007/s00449-016-1543-7. Epub 2016 Feb 8.
• Gas sparging performances of a flat sheet and tubular polymeric membranes were investigated in 3.1 m bubble column bioreactor operated in a semi batch mode. Air-water and air-CMC (Carboxymethyl cellulose) solutions of 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 % w/w were used as interacting gas-liquid mediums. CMC solutio
• PMID 26857370

• Gas holdup in cyclone-static micro-bubble flotation column.

• Li X1, Zhu W2, Liu J1, Zhang J2, Xu H3, Deng X1.
• Environmental technology.Environ Technol.2016 Apr;37(7):785-94. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1085098. Epub 2015 Oct 20.
• The present work has been carried out to investigate the effect of process variables on gas holdup and develop an empirical equation and a neural network model for online process control of the gas holdup based on the operating variables. In this study, the effect of process variables (nozzle diamet
• PMID 26293176

Japanese Journal

• Standard-Essential Patents and the Japanese Competition Law in Comparison with China, the US and the EU

• The Antitrust Bulletin 62(3), 483-493, 2017-08-15
• NAID 120006336235

• Numerical Simulation on Bubble Behavior of Disintegration and Dispersion in Stirring-Injection Magnesium Desulfurization Process

• ＩＳＩＪ　Ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ 57(3), 453-462, 2017
• NAID 130005466292

• Simulation of the Bubble Behaviors for Gas–Liquid Dispersion in Agitated Vessel

• Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan 50(1), 4-14, 2017
• NAID 130005290316

Related Links

• holdupの意味・用例｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

holdup 【名】 ホールドアップ、強奪、強盗、追いはぎ 妨害、交通渋滞【文例】 - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。

• "[hold] up"の意味・用例｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

→ holdup hold up ~ to ridicule ～をあざ笑う、冷やかす hold up ~ to someone's face ～を（人）の顔のところに[まで]持ち上げる[持っていく] hold up a bank 〔銃などを突き付けて〕銀行 ｛ぎんこう｝ 強盗 ｛ごうとう｝ をする[から ...

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

関連記事

「hold」

「hold」

　　[★]

• v.

• (過去-過去分詞held)持つ、維持する、保つ、保持する、抱える

• n.

• 保持

関

harbor、have、keep、maintain、maintenance、possess、retain、retention、sustain