hiking

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/18 23:54:43」(JST)

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For the nautical definition, see Hiking (sailing).

"Tramping" redirects here. For other uses, see Tramping (disambiguation).

A hiking trail in Oregon

Hiking in Canada and the USA is the preferred term for a long, vigorous walk in the countryside, often on hiking trails, while the word walking is used for shorter, particularly urban walks. On the other hand in the United Kingdom, and the Republic of Ireland, the term walking is used to describe all forms of walking, whether it is a walk in the park or trekking in the Alps. The word hiking is also sometimes used in the UK, along with rambling, hillwalking, and fell walking. In New Zealand a long, vigorous walk or hike is called tramping.^[1] It is such a popular activity that there are numerous hiking organizations worldwide, and studies suggest that hiking and walking have health benefits.^[2]^[3] Hiking times can be estimated by Naismith's rule or Tobler's hiking function.

Related terms[edit]

The Appalachian Trail provides the opportunity for a 3,500-kilometre (2,200 mi)-long hike.^[4]

In the United States, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, and United Kingdom, hiking refers to walking outdoors on a trail for recreational purposes.^[5] A day hike refers to a hike that can be completed in a single day. Multi-day hikes with camping are referred to as backpacking in North America.^[5] In the United Kingdom, the word walking is also used, as well as rambling, while walking in mountainous areas is called hillwalking. Fellwalking describes hill or mountain walks in Northern England, including the Lake District and Yorkshire Dales, as fell is the common word for both features there. Bushwhacking specifically refers to difficult walking through dense forest, undergrowth, or bushes, where forward progress requires pushing vegetation aside. In extreme cases of bushwhacking where the vegetation is so dense that human passage is impeded, a machete is used to clear a pathway. Australians use the term bushwalking for both on and off-trail hiking. New Zealanders use tramping (particularly for overnight and longer trips),^[6] walking or bushwalking. Multi-day hiking in the mountainous regions of India, Pakistan, Nepal, North America, South America, Iran and in the highlands of East Africa is also called trekking. Hiking a long-distance trail from end-to-end is also referred to as trekking and as thru-hiking in some places.^[7]^[8] Examples of long-distance trails include the Appalachian Trail (AT) in the USA, the Pennine Way, England, and the E5 European long distance path, which runs from Brittany in France to Verona in Italy.

In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, tramping (Czech: tramping, tremping, a word borrowed from English) is a combined culture of hiking, backpacking, scouting, woodcraft, music, with the characteristic flavor of American culture, especially Wild West.^[9]

History[edit]

Claife Station, built at one of Thomas West's 'viewing stations', to allow visiting tourists and artists to better appreciate the picturesque Lake District.

The idea of undertaking a walk through the countryside for pleasure, developed in the 18th-century, and arose because of changing attitudes to the landscape and nature, associated with the Romantic movement.^[10] In earlier times walking generally indicated poverty and was also associated with vagrancy.^[11]

England[edit]

Thomas West, an English clergyman, popularized the idea of walking for pleasure in his guide to the Lake District of 1778. In the introduction he wrote that he aimed

to encourage the taste of visiting the lakes by furnishing the traveller with a Guide; and for that purpose, the writer has here collected and laid before him, all the select stations and points of view, noticed by those authors who have last made the tour of the lakes, verified by his own repeated observations.^[12]

To this end he included various 'stations' or viewpoints around the lakes, from which tourists would be encouraged to appreciate the views in terms of their aesthetic qualities.^[13] Published in 1778 the book was a major success.^[14]

Map of Robert Louis Stevenson's walking route, taken from Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes(1879), a pioneering classic of outdoor literature.

Another famous early exponent of walking for pleasure, was the English poet William Wordsworth. In 1790 he embarked on an extended tour of France, Switzerland, and Germany, a journey subsequently recorded in his long autobiographical poem The Prelude (1850). His famous poem Tintern Abbey was inspired by a visit to the Wye Valley made during a walking tour of Wales in 1798 with his sister Dorothy Wordsworth. Wordsworth's friend Coleridge was another keen walker and in the autumn of 1799, he and Wordsworth undertook a three weeks tour of the Lake District. John Keats, who belonged to the next generation of Romantic poets began, in June 1818, a walking tour of Scotland, Ireland, and the Lake District with his friend Charles Armitage Brown.

More and more people undertook walking tours through the 19th-century, of which the most famous is probably Robert Louis Stevenson's journey through the Cévennes in France with a donkey, recorded in his Travels with a Donkey (1879). Stevenson also published in 1876 his famous essay "Walking Tours". The sub-genre of travel writing produced many classics in the subsequent 20th-century. An early American example of a book that describes an extended walking tour is naturalist John Muir's A Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf (1916), a posthumous published account of a long botanizing walk, undertaken in 1867.

Commemorative plaque of the Mass trespass of Kinder Scout in 1932; an event that led to great expansion of the public right of access to the British countryside.

Due to industrialisation in England, people began to migrate to the cities where living standards were often cramped and unsanitary. They would escape the confines of the city by rambling about in the countryside. However, the land in England, particularly around the urban area of Manchester and Sheffield, was privately owned and trespass was illegal. Rambling clubs soon sprang up in the north and began politically campaigning for the legal 'right to roam'. One of the first such clubs, was 'Sunday Tramps' founded by Leslie White in 1879. The first national grouping, the Federation of Rambling Clubs, was formed in London in 1905 and was heavily patronized by the peerage.^[15]

Access to Mountains bills, that would have legislated the public's 'right to roam' across some private land, were periodically presented to Parliament from 1884 to 1932 without success. Finally, in 1932, the Rambler’s Right Movement organized a mass trespass on Kinder Scout in Derbyshire. Despite attempts on the part of the police to prevent the trespass from going ahead it was successfully achieved due to massive publicity. However the Mountain Access Bill that was passed in 1939 was opposed by many walkers, including the organization The Ramblers, who felt that it did not sufficiently protect their rights, and it was eventually repealed.^[16]

The effort to improve access led after World War II to the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949, and in 1951 to the creation of the first national park in the UK, the Peak District National Park.^[17] The establishment of this and similar national parks helped to improve access for all outdoors enthusiasts.^[18] The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 considerably extended the right to roam in England and Wales.

United States[edit]

Thoreau walked 34 miles (55 km) to Mount Wachusett, shown here.

An early example of an interest in hiking in the United States, is Abel Crawford and his son Ethan's clearing of a trail to the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire in 1819.^[19] This 8.5 mile path is the oldest continuously used hiking trail in the United States. The influence of British and European Romanticism reached North America through the transcendentalist movement, and both Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–82) and Henry David Thoreau (1817-62) were important influences on the outdoors movement in North America. Thoreau's writing on nature and on walking include the posthumously published "Walking" (1862). While an earlier essay "A Walk to Wachusett" (1842) describes a four day walking tour he took with a companion from Concord, Massachusetts to the summit of Mount Wachusett, Princeton, Massachusetts and back. In 1876 the Appalachian Mountain Club, America’s oldest recreation organization, was founded to protect the trails and mountains in the northeastern United States.

The Scottish-born, American naturalist John Muir (1838 –1914), was another important early advocate of the preservation of wilderness in the United States. He petitioned the U.S. Congress for the National Park bill that was passed in 1890, establishing Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks. The Sierra Club, which he founded, is now one of the most important conservation organizations in the United States. The spiritual quality and enthusiasm toward nature expressed in his writings inspired readers, including presidents and congressmen, to take action to help preserve large areas of undeveloped countryside.^[20] He is today referred to as the "Father of the National Parks".^[21] In 1916, the National Park Service was created to protect national parks and monuments.

In the 1921 Benton MacKaye, a forester, conceived the idea of the America's first National trail, the Appalachian trail, and this was completed in August 1937, running from Sugarloaf Mountain in Maine to Georgia.^[22] The Pacific Crest Trail ("PCT") was first explored in the 1930s by the YMCA hiking groups and was eventually registered as a complete border to border trail from Mexico to Canada. ^[23]

Equipment[edit]

Main article: Hiking equipment

A simple dry magnetic pocket compass

The equipment required for hiking depends on the length of the hike, but day hikers generally carry at least water, food, a map, and rain-proof gear.^[5] Hikers usually wear sturdy hiking boots for mountain walking and backpacking, as protection from the rough terrain, as well as providing increased stability.^[5] The Mountaineers club recommends a list of "Ten Essentials" equipment for hiking, including a compass, sunglasses, sunscreen, a flashlight, a first aid kit, a fire starter, and a knife.^[24] Other groups recommend items such as hat, gloves, insect repellent, and an emergency blanket.^[25] A GPS navigation device can also be helpful and route cards may be used as a guide.

Proponents of ultralight backpacking argue that long lists of required items for multi-day hikes increases pack weight, and hence fatigue and the chance of injury.^[26] Instead, they recommend reducing pack weight, in order to make hiking long distances easier. Even the use of hiking boots on long-distances hikes is controversial among ultralight hikers, because of their weight.^[26]

Environmental impact[edit]

Parts of many hiking trails around Lake Mohonk include stairways which can prevent erosion

Hikers often seek beautiful natural environments in which to hike.^[5] These environments are often fragile, as hikers may accidentally destroy the environment that they enjoy. While the action of an individual may not strongly affect the environment, the mass effect of a large number of hikers can degrade the environment. For example, gathering wood in an alpine area to start a fire may be harmless if done once (except for wildfire risk). Years of gathering wood, however, can strip an alpine area of valuable nutrients.^[27] Generally, protected areas such as parks have regulations in place to protect the environment. If hikers follow such regulations, their impact can be minimized.^[27] Such regulations include forbidding wood fires, restricting camping to established camp sites, disposing or packing out faecal matter, imposing a quota on the number of hikers per mile.

Many hikers espouse the philosophy of Leave No Trace: hiking in a way such that future hikers cannot detect the presence of previous hikers. Practitioners of this philosophy obey its strictures, even in the absence of area regulations. Followers of this practice follow strict practices on dealing with food waste, food packaging, and alterations to the surrounding environment.^[28]

A cathole for human waste

Human waste is often a major source of environmental impact from hiking.^[27] These wastes can contaminate the watershed and make other hikers ill. Bacterial contamination can be avoided by digging 'catholes' 10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches) deep, depending on local soil composition and covering after use. If these catholes are dug at least 60 m (200 feet) away from water sources and trails, the risk of contamination is minimized.

Sometimes hikers enjoy viewing rare or endangered species. However, some species (such as martens or bighorn sheep) are very sensitive to the presence of humans, especially around mating season. To prevent adverse impact, hikers should learn the habits and habitats of endangered species.

There is one situation where an individual hiker can make a large impact on an ecosystem: inadvertently starting a wildfire. For example, in 2005, a Czech backpacker burned 7% of Torres del Paine National Park in Chile by knocking over an illegal gas portable stove.^[29] Obeying area regulations and setting up cooking devices on designated areas (or if necessary on bare ground) will reduce the risk of wildfire.

Etiquette[edit]

Hiking in a group like this increases safety, but hikers may wish to hike at different rates.

Sometimes hikers can interfere with each other's enjoyment, or that of other users of the land. Hiking etiquette has developed to minimize such interference. Common hiking etiquette includes:

When two groups of hikers meet on a steep trail, a custom has developed in some areas whereby the group moving uphill has the right-of-way.^[30]
Being forced to hike much faster than one's natural pace can be annoying, difficult to maintain consistently, and increases fatigue; it may also cause injury. But if a group splits between fast and slow hikers, the slow hikers may be left behind or become lost. Therefore a common custom is to encourage the slowest hiker to lead and have everyone match that speed. Another custom is to have experienced hiker(s) sweep up the rear on a rota, to ensure that everyone in the group is safe.
Hikers generally avoid making loud sounds, such as shouting or loud conversation, or the use of mobile phones.^[30] However, in bear country, hikers make noise as a safety precaution.
Hikers tend to avoid impacting on the land through which they travel. Hikers can avoid impact by staying on established trails, not picking plants, or disturbing wildlife, and carrying garbage out. The Leave No Trace movement offers a set of guidelines for low-impact hiking: "Leave nothing but footprints. Take nothing but photos. Kill nothing but time. Keep nothing but memories".

Hazards[edit]

Main article: Hazards of outdoor activities

A Canadian hiking trail marker

Hiking may produce threats to personal safety. These threats can be dangerous circumstances and/or specific accidents or ailments. Diarrhea, for example, has been found to be one of the most common illness afflicting long-distance hikers in the United States.^[31] (See Wilderness acquired diarrhea.)

Symbols used in trail blazing in USA

Noxious plants that cause rashes can also be particularly bothersome. Such plants include poison oak, poison ivy, poison sumac, and stinging nettles. Other dangers include becoming lost, inclement weather, hazardous terrain, or exacerbation of pre-existing medical conditions. Additional potential hazards are dehydration, hypothermia, frostbite, sunburn, sunstroke. attacks by animals, including snakes, or injuries such as ankle sprain, or broken bones.^[32] Attacks by humans are also a reality in some places, and lightning is also a threat, especially on high ground.

In various countries, borders may be poorly marked, so it is good practice to know where international borders are. In 2009, Iran imprisoned three American for hiking across the Iran-Iraq border.^[33] It is illegal to cross into the USA on the Pacific Crest Trail from Canada. Going south to north it is more straightforward and a crossing can be made, if advanced arrangements are made with Canadian Border Services. Within the European Union, and associated nations like Switzerland and Norway, there are no impediments to crossing by path, and borders are not always obvious.^[34] All the same necessary documents should always be carried and the law followed (people from some countries may require a visa).

References[edit]

^ H. W. Orsman, The Dictionary of New Zealand English. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-558347-7.
^ McKinney, John (2009-03-22). "For Good Health: Take a Hike!". Miller-McCune.
^ "A Step in the Right Direction: The health benefits of hiking and trails". American Hiking Society. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
^ Gailey, Chris (2006). "Appalachian Trail FAQs". Outdoors.org. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Keller, Kristin T. (2007). Hiking. Capstone Press. ISBN 0-7368-0916-3.
^ H. W. Orsman, The Dictionary of New Zealand English. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1999.
^ Mueser, Roland (1997). Long-Distance Hiking: Lessons from the Appalachian Trail. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-044458-7.
^ Trekking and Hiking in Persia - Iran| High Places
^ <http://domov-trampu.home.comcast.net/~domov-trampu/Tramping.htm>
^ The Norton Anthology of English Literature, ed. M. H,Abrams, vol.2 (7th edition) (2000), p. 9-10.
^ Rebecca Solnit, Wanderlust: A History of Walking. New York: Penguin Books, 2000, p.83, and note p.297.
^ West. A Guide to the Lakes. p. 2.
^ "Development of tourism in the Lake District National Park". Lake District UK. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
^ "Understanding the National Park — Viewing Stations". Lake District National Park Authority. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
^ Stephenson, Tom (1989). Forbidden Land: The Struggle for Access to Mountain and Moorland. Manchester University Press. p. 78. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
^ The Ramblers
^ "Quarrying and mineral extraction in the Peak District National Park". Peak District National Park Authority. 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
^ "Kinder Trespass. A history of rambling". Retrieved 2013-12-17.
^ Condensed Facts About Mount Washington, Atkinson News Co., 1912.
^ "The Life and Contributions of John Muir". Sierra Club. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
^ Miller, Barbara Kiely (2008). John Muir. Gareth Stevens. p. 10. ISBN 0836883187.
^ Appalachian Trail Conservancy
^ "The Top 10 Hiking Trails in the US". e2e.com.
^ Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills (6th ed.). The Mountaineers. 1997. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0-89886-427-5.
^ "Ten Essential Groups Article". Texas Sierra Club. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
^ ^a ^b Jardine, Ray (2000). "Beyond Backpacking: Ray Jardine's Guide to Lightweight Hiking". AdventureLore Press. Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Cole, David. Impacts of Hiking and Camping on Soils and Vegetation: A Review.
^ "Principles". Leave No Trace. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
^ "Chilean park recovering from fire". Daily Mail. 2005-05-25. Archived from the original on 2011-02-11.
^ ^a ^b Devaughn, Melissa (April 1997). "Trail Etiquette". Backpacker Magazine. Active Interest Media, Inc. p. 40. ISSN 0277867X. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
^ Boulware, D.R.; et al. (2003). "Medical Risks of Wilderness Hiking". American Journal of Medicine 114 (4): 288–93. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01494-8. PMID 12681456. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Goldenberg, Marni; Martin, Bruce (2007). Hiking and Backpacking. Wilderness Education Association. p. 104. ISBN 0-7360-6801-5.
^ Gordon, Michael R.; Lehren, Andrew W. (2010-10-23). "Iran Seized U.S. Hikers in Iraq, U.S. Report Asserts". New York Times.
^ See for example

External links[edit]

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hiking.

Look up hiking in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Hiking (category)

Recreation: Outdoors: Hiking on the Open Directory Project

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English Journal

Urban Prevalence of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in Public Lavatories and on Shoe Soles of Facility Patrons in the European Capital City Vienna.

Schoder D1, Schmalwieser A, Szakmary-Brändle K, Stessl B, Wagner M.
Zoonoses and public health.Zoonoses Public Health.2015 May;62(3):179-86. doi: 10.1111/zph.12121. Epub 2014 Apr 21.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) in urban public lavatories and on shoe soles of facility patrons in a European capital city. More than 91% of all municipal public lavatories in Vienna close to public hubs were incl
PMID 24751465

Hiker Fatality From Severe Hyponatremia in Grand Canyon National Park.

Myers TM1, Hoffman MD2.
Wilderness & environmental medicine.Wilderness Environ Med.2015 Apr 29. pii: S1080-6032(15)00117-9. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2015.03.001. [Epub ahead of print]
We present the case of a hiker who died of severe hyponatremia at Grand Canyon National Park. The woman collapsed on the rim shortly after finishing a 5-hour hike into the Canyon during which she was reported to have consumed large quantities of water. First responders transported her to the nearest
PMID 25935312

Determinants of Responsible Hiking Behavior: Results from a Stated Choice Experiment.

Guo T1, Smith JW, Leung YF, Seekamp E, Moore RL.
Environmental management.Environ Manage.2015 Apr 22. [Epub ahead of print]
This research examined the determinants of responsible hiking behavior through a lab-based experiment in which two managerial factors believed to influence individuals' behavior (the presentation of an educational message and the method of displaying degraded trail conditions) were varied across fou
PMID 25900602

Japanese Journal

自然散策が及ぼす心理的・生理的効果の性格特性による比較 : 「東京都檜原都民の森」における調査結果より (小沢健市教授・松本和幸教授退職記念号)

相澤孝文,橋本俊哉,アイザワタカフミ,ハシモトトシヤ,Takafumi Aizawa,Toshiya Hashimoto
立教大学観光学部紀要 (16), 99-114, 2014-03
NAID 120005427006

階段昇行時におけるストックが生理応答に与える影響について

赤星照護,久米大祐,脇本敏裕 [他]
川崎医療福祉学会誌 23(2), 269-275, 2014
NAID 40020012316

奈良・山辺の道における景観保全の展開とその保全思想

山口敬太,繁田いづみ,川崎雅史
ランドスケープ研究(オンライン論文集) 7(0), 1-8, 2014
… "Yamanobe-no-michi" is known as one of oldest routes in Japan and a popular hiking route, which is rich in nature and cultural assets. … The route Yamanobe-no-michi, which was rediscovered and indicated in 1941 for the first time, had come to stay as a hiking route, and lots of scenic representation had been made in the area along the route. …
NAID 130003395157

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[1] H. W. Orsman, The Dictionary of New Zealand English. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-558347-7.

[2] McKinney, John (2009-03-22). "For Good Health: Take a Hike!". Miller-McCune.

[3] "A Step in the Right Direction: The health benefits of hiking and trails". American Hiking Society. Retrieved 1 June 2012.

[OFAQ-4] Gailey, Chris (2006). "Appalachian Trail FAQs". Outdoors.org. Retrieved 2010-01-19.

[hikebook-5] Keller, Kristin T. (2007). Hiking. Capstone Press. ISBN 0-7368-0916-3.

[6] H. W. Orsman, The Dictionary of New Zealand English. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1999.

[longdist-7] Mueser, Roland (1997). Long-Distance Hiking: Lessons from the Appalachian Trail. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-044458-7.

[8] Trekking and Hiking in Persia - Iran| High Places

[9] <http://domov-trampu.home.comcast.net/~domov-trampu/Tramping.htm>

[10] The Norton Anthology of English Literature, ed. M. H,Abrams, vol.2 (7th edition) (2000), p. 9-10.

[11] Rebecca Solnit, Wanderlust: A History of Walking. New York: Penguin Books, 2000, p.83, and note p.297.

[West2-12] West. A Guide to the Lakes. p. 2.

[development-13] "Development of tourism in the Lake District National Park". Lake District UK. Retrieved 2008-11-27.

[NPA-14] "Understanding the National Park — Viewing Stations". Lake District National Park Authority. Retrieved 2008-11-27.

[15] Stephenson, Tom (1989). Forbidden Land: The Struggle for Access to Mountain and Moorland. Manchester University Press. p. 78. Retrieved 2013-02-07.

[16] The Ramblers

[17] "Quarrying and mineral extraction in the Peak District National Park". Peak District National Park Authority. 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2012.

[18] "Kinder Trespass. A history of rambling". Retrieved 2013-12-17.

[19] Condensed Facts About Mount Washington, Atkinson News Co., 1912.

[20] "The Life and Contributions of John Muir". Sierra Club. Retrieved October 23, 2009.

[21] Miller, Barbara Kiely (2008). John Muir. Gareth Stevens. p. 10. ISBN 0836883187.

[22] Appalachian Trail Conservancy

[23] "The Top 10 Hiking Trails in the US". e2e.com.

[24] Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills (6th ed.). The Mountaineers. 1997. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0-89886-427-5.

[25] "Ten Essential Groups Article". Texas Sierra Club. Retrieved 2011-01-19.

[Jardine-26] Jardine, Ray (2000). "Beyond Backpacking: Ray Jardine's Guide to Lightweight Hiking". AdventureLore Press. Missing or empty |url= (help)

[impact-27] Cole, David. Impacts of Hiking and Camping on Soils and Vegetation: A Review.

[lnt-28] "Principles". Leave No Trace. Retrieved 2011-01-19.

[29] "Chilean park recovering from fire". Daily Mail. 2005-05-25. Archived from the original on 2011-02-11.

[etiquette-30] Devaughn, Melissa (April 1997). "Trail Etiquette". Backpacker Magazine. Active Interest Media, Inc. p. 40. ISSN 0277867X. Retrieved 22 January 2011.

[31] Boulware, D.R.; et al. (2003). "Medical Risks of Wilderness Hiking". American Journal of Medicine 114 (4): 288–93. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01494-8. PMID 12681456. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)

[Goldenberg-32] Goldenberg, Marni; Martin, Bruce (2007). Hiking and Backpacking. Wilderness Education Association. p. 104. ISBN 0-7360-6801-5.

[33] Gordon, Michael R.; Lehren, Andrew W. (2010-10-23). "Iran Seized U.S. Hikers in Iraq, U.S. Report Asserts". New York Times.

[34] See for example

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