For other uses, see Hexagon (disambiguation).
| Regular hexagon |
|
A regular hexagon
|
| Type |
Regular polygon |
| Edges and vertices |
6 |
| Schläfli symbol |
{6} |
| Coxeter diagram |
|
| Symmetry group |
D6, order 2×6 |
| Internal angle (degrees) |
120° |
| Dual polygon |
self |
| Properties |
convex, cyclic, equilateral, isogonal, isotoxal |
In geometry, a hexagon (from Greek ἕξ hex, "six" and γωνία, gonía, "corner, angle") is a polygon with six edges and six vertices. A regular hexagon has Schläfli symbol {6}. The total of the internal angles of any hexagon is 720°.
Contents
- 1 Hexagonal structures
- 2 Regular hexagon
- 3 Tesselations by hexagons
- 4 Cyclic hexagon
- 5 Hexagon inscribed in a conic section
- 6 Hexagon tangential to a conic section
- 7 Related figures
- 7.1 Petrie polygons
- 7.2 Polyhedra with hexagons
- 7.3 Regular and uniform tilings with hexagons
- 8 Hexagons: natural and human-made
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 External links
Hexagonal structures
From bees' honeycombs to the Giant's Causeway, hexagonal patterns are prevalent in nature due to their efficiency. In a hexagonal grid each line is as short as it can possibly be if a large area is to be filled with the fewest number of hexagons. This means that honeycombs require less wax to construct and gain lots of strength under compression.
Regular hexagon
A step-by-step animation of the construction of a regular hexagon using compass and straightedge, given by Euclid's Elements, Book IV, Proposition 15.
The regular hexagon has a number of subsymmetries that can be seen by coloring or geometric variations
A regular hexagon has all sides of the same length, and all internal angles are 120 degrees. A regular hexagon has 6 rotational symmetries (rotational symmetry of order six) and 6 reflection symmetries (six lines of symmetry), making up the dihedral group D6. The longest diagonals of a regular hexagon, connecting diametrically opposite vertices, are twice the length of one side. From this it can be seen that a triangle with a vertex at the center of the regular hexagon and sharing one side with the hexagon is equilateral, and that the regular hexagon can be partitioned into six equilateral triangles.
Like squares and equilateral triangles, regular hexagons fit together without any gaps to tile the plane (three hexagons meeting at every vertex), and so are useful for constructing tessellations. The cells of a beehive honeycomb are hexagonal for this reason and because the shape makes efficient use of space and building materials. The Voronoi diagram of a regular triangular lattice is the honeycomb tessellation of hexagons. It is not usually considered a triambus, although it is equilateral.
The area of a regular hexagon of side length t is given by
An alternative formula for area is A = 1.5dt where the length d is the distance between the parallel sides (also referred to as the flat-to-flat distance), or the height of the hexagon when it sits on one side as base, or the diameter of the inscribed circle.
Another alternative formula for the area if only the flat-to-flat distance, d, is known, is given by
The area can also be found by the formulas and , where a is the apothem and p is the perimeter.
The perimeter of a regular hexagon of side length t is 6t, its maximal diameter 2t, and its minimal diameter .
If a regular hexagon has successive vertices A, B, C, D, E, F and if P is any point on the circumscribing circle between B and C, then PE + PF = PA + PB + PC + PD.
Tesselations by hexagons
In addition to the regular hexagon, which determines a unique tessellation of the plane, any irregular hexagon which satisfies the Conway criterion will tile the plane.
Cyclic hexagon
A cyclic hexagon is any hexagon inscribed in a circle. If the successive sides of the cyclic hexagon are a, b, c, d, e, f, then the three main diagonals intersect in a single point if and only if ace = bdf.[1]
Hexagon inscribed in a conic section
Pascal's theorem (also known as the "Hexagrammum Mysticum Theorem") states that if an arbitrary hexagon is inscribed in any conic section, and pairs of opposite sides are extended until they meet, the three intersection points will lie on a straight line, the "Pascal line" of that configuration.
The Lemoine hexagon is a cyclic hexagon (one inscribed in a circle) with vertices given by the six intersections of the edges of a triangle and the three lines that are parallel to the edges that pass through its symmedian point.
Hexagon tangential to a conic section
Let ABCDEF be a hexagon formed by six tangent lines of a conic section. Then Brianchon's theorem states that the three main diagonals AD, BE, and CF intersect at a single point.
In a hexagon that is tangential to a circle and that has consecutive sides a, b, c, d, e, and f,[2]
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Related figures
A regular hexagon can also be created as a truncated equilateral triangle, with Schläfli symbol t{3}. This form only has D3 symmetry. In this figure, the remaining edges of the original triangle are drawn blue, and new edges from the truncation are red. |
The hexagram can be created as a stellation process: extending the 6 edges of a regular hexagon until they meet at 6 new vertices. |
A concave hexagon |
A self-intersecting hexagon (star polygon) |
A (nonplanar) skew regular hexagon, within the edges of a cube |
Petrie polygons
The regular hexagon is the Petrie polygon for these regular and uniform polytopes, shown in these skew orthogonal projections:
| (3D) |
(5D) |
Cube |
Octahedron |
5-simplex |
Rectified 5-simplex |
Birectified 5-simplex |
Polyhedra with hexagons
There is no Platonic solid made of only regular hexagons, because the hexagons tessellate, not allowing the result to "fold up". The Archimedean solids with some hexagonal faces are the truncated tetrahedron, truncated octahedron, truncated icosahedron (of soccer ball and fullerene fame), truncated cuboctahedron and the truncated icosidodecahedron. These hexagons can be considered truncated triangles, with Coxeter diagrams of the form and .
Archimedean solids
| Tetrahedral |
Octahedral |
Icosahedral |
|
|
|
|
|
truncated tetrahedron |
truncated octahedron |
truncated cuboctahedron |
truncated icosahedron |
truncated icosidodecahedron |
There are other symmetry polyhedra with stretched or flattened hexagons, like these Goldberg polyhedron G(2,0):
| Tetrahedral |
Octahedral |
Icosahedral |
Chamfered tetrahedron |
Chamfered cube |
Chamfered dodecahedron |
There are also 9 Johnson solids with regular hexagons:
triangular cupola |
elongated triangular cupola |
gyroelongated triangular cupola |
augmented hexagonal prism |
parabiaugmented hexagonal prism |
metabiaugmented hexagonal prism |
triaugmented hexagonal prism |
augmented truncated tetrahedron |
triangular hebesphenorotunda |
Prismoids
Hexagonal prism |
Hexagonal antiprism |
Hexagonal pyramid |
Other symmetric polyhedral with hexagons
Truncated triakis tetrahedron |
|
Regular and uniform tilings with hexagons
The hexagon can form a regular tessellate the plane with a Schläfli symbol {6,3}, having 3 hexagons around every vertex. |
A second hexagonal tessellation of the plane can be formed as a truncated triangular tiling or rhombille tiling, with one of three hexagons colored differently. |
A third tessellation of the plane can be formed with three colored hexagons around every vertex. |
The hexagonal tiling can be distorted, like these centrosymmetric hexagons |
Trihexagonal tiling |
Trihexagonal tiling |
Rhombitrihexagonal tiling |
Truncated trihexagonal tiling |
Hexagons: natural and human-made
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The ideal crystalline structure of graphene is a hexagonal grid.
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Assembled E-ELT mirror segments
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The scutes of a turtle's carapace
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North polar hexagonal cloud feature on Saturn, discovered by Voyager 1 and confirmed in 2006 by Cassini [1] [2] [3]
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The third largest moon of Saturn, Iapetus's North pole as pictured by the Cassini probe.[4]
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Micrograph of a snowflake
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Benzene, the simplest aromatic compound with hexagonal shape.
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Crystal structure of a molecular hexagon composed of hexagonal aromatic rings reported by Müllen and coworkers in Chem. Eur. J., 2000, 1834-1839.
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Naturally formed basalt columns from Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland; large masses must cool slowly to form a polygonal fracture pattern
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An aerial view of Fort Jefferson in Dry Tortugas National Park
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The James Webb Space Telescope mirror is composed of 18 hexagonal segments.
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Metropolitan France has a vaguely hexagonal shape. In French, l'Hexagone refers to the European mainland of France aka the "metropole" as opposed to the overseas territories such as Guadeloupe, Martinique or French Guiana.
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Hexagonal Hanksite crystal, one of many hexagonal crystal system minerals
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The Hexagon, a hexagonal theatre in Reading, Berkshire
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Władysław Gliński's hexagonal chess
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See also
- 24-cell: a four-dimensional figure which, like the hexagon, has orthoplex facets and is self-dual
- Hexagonal crystal system
- Hexagonal number
- Hexagonal tiling: a regular tiling of hexagons in a plane
- Hexagram: 6-sided star within a regular hexagon
- Unicursal hexagram: single path, 6-sided star, within a hexagon
References
- ^ Cartensen, Jens, "About hexagons", Mathematical Spectrum 33(2) (2000–2001), 37–40.
- ^ Gutierrez, Antonio, "Hexagon, Inscribed Circle, Tangent, Semiperimeter", [5], Accessed 2012-04-17.
External links
- Weisstein, Eric W., "Hexagon", MathWorld.
- Definition and properties of a hexagon with interactive animation and construction with compass and straightedge.
- Cymatics – Hexagonal shapes occurring within water sound images[dead link]
- Cassini Images Bizarre Hexagon on Saturn
- Saturn's Strange Hexagon
- A hexagonal feature around Saturn's North Pole
- "Bizarre Hexagon Spotted on Saturn" – from Space.com (27 March 2007)
- supraHex A supra-hexagonal map for analysing high-dimensional omics data.
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Regular polygons
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|
|
Listed by number of sides
|
|
| 1–10 sides |
- Henagon (Monogon)
- Digon
- Equilateral triangle
- Square
- Pentagon
- Hexagon
- Heptagon
- Octagon
- Nonagon (Enneagon)
- Decagon
|
|
| 11–20 sides |
- Hendecagon
- Dodecagon
- Tridecagon
- Tetradecagon
- Pentadecagon
- Hexadecagon
- Heptadecagon
- Octadecagon
- Nonadecagon (Enneadecagon)
- Icosagon
|
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| Others |
- Triacontagon
- Chiliagon
- Megagon
- Apeirogon
|
|
| Star polygons |
- Pentagram
- Hexagram
- Heptagram
- Octagram
- Enneagram
- Decagram
- Hendecagram
- Dodecagram
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