関: herbivore

WordNet

any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants; "horses are herbivores"; "the sauropod dinosaurs were apparently herbivores"
a living organism characterized by voluntary movement (同)animate being, beast, brute, creature, fauna
marked by the appetites and passions of the body; "animal instincts"; "carnal knowledge"; "fleshly desire"; "a sensual delight in eating"; "music is the only sensual pleasure without vice" (同)carnal, fleshly, sensual
feeding only on plants
(Jungian psychology) the inner self (not the external persona) that is in touch with the unconscious

PrepTutorEJDIC

草食動物
(植物に対して)『動物』 / (人間以外の)『動物』,けだもの / (魚・鳥などに対して)哺乳動物(mammal) / けだもの(野獣)のような人 / (比較変化なし)《名詞の前にのみ用いて》動物の,動物性の,動物質の / (知的・精神的に対して)動物的な;肉欲的な
(動物が)草食の

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 動物やヒトによる咬傷の臨床症状と初期マネージメント clinical manifestations and initial management of animal and human bites
2. その他の線虫 miscellaneous nematodes
3. 動物由来食物アレルギーに対するアレルゲンコンポーネント検査 component testing for animal derived food allergies
4. 肝吸虫：肝蛭症 liver flukes fascioliasis
5. 狂犬病予防の実施時期 when to use rabies prophylaxis

English Journal

Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome.

David LA1, Maurice CF2, Carmody RN2, Gootenberg DB2, Button JE2, Wolfe BE2, Ling AV3, Devlin AS4, Varma Y4, Fischbach MA4, Biddinger SB3, Dutton RJ2, Turnbaugh PJ2.Author information 11] FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [3] Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.2FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.3Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.4Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences and the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.AbstractLong-term dietary intake influences the structure and activity of the trillions of microorganisms residing in the human gut, but it remains unclear how rapidly and reproducibly the human gut microbiome responds to short-term macronutrient change. Here we show that the short-term consumption of diets composed entirely of animal or plant products alters microbial community structure and overwhelms inter-individual differences in microbial gene expression. The animal-based diet increased the abundance of bile-tolerant microorganisms (Alistipes, Bilophila and Bacteroides) and decreased the levels of Firmicutes that metabolize dietary plant polysaccharides (Roseburia, Eubacterium rectale and Ruminococcus bromii). Microbial activity mirrored differences between herbivorous and carnivorous mammals, reflecting trade-offs between carbohydrate and protein fermentation. Foodborne microbes from both diets transiently colonized the gut, including bacteria, fungi and even viruses. Finally, increases in the abundance and activity of Bilophila wadsworthia on the animal-based diet support a link between dietary fat, bile acids and the outgrowth of microorganisms capable of triggering inflammatory bowel disease. In concert, these results demonstrate that the gut microbiome can rapidly respond to altered diet, potentially facilitating the diversity of human dietary lifestyles.
Nature.Nature.2013 Dec 11. doi: 10.1038/nature12820. [Epub ahead of print]
Long-term dietary intake influences the structure and activity of the trillions of microorganisms residing in the human gut, but it remains unclear how rapidly and reproducibly the human gut microbiome responds to short-term macronutrient change. Here we show that the short-term consumption of diets
PMID 24336217

Production, purification and characterization of a novel thermotolerant endoglucanase (CMCase) from Bacillus strain isolated from cow dung.

Sadhu S, Saha P, Sen SK, Mayilraj S, Maiti TK.Author information Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Burdwan University, Burdwan, 713104 WB India.AbstractIn an attempt to screen out cellulase producing bacteria from herbivorous animal fecal matter it was possible to isolate a potent bacterium from cow dung. The bacterium was identified as Bacillus sp. using 16S rDNA based molecular phylogenetic approach. The effect of different agricultural wastes, paper wastes and carboxymethyl cellulose on endoglucanase production was tested and was found to produce maximally at 8% carboxymethyl cellulose. The endoglucanase was precipitated by ammonium sulfate saturation and purified by DEAE- Sepharose column. The purification was achieved 8.5 fold from the crude extract with a yield of 68.1%. The molecular weight of the protein was determined to be 97 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The enzymatic activity was moderately reduced by detergents (SDS, Tween-80), metal ions (MnCl2, ZnCl2) and EDTA. The endoglucanase was stable between pH 5.0 - 9.0 and temperature between 20-70°C with optimal activity at pH 7.0 and temperature 50°C. The apparent Km value of the enzyme for the substrate carboxymethyl cellulose was recorded to be 0.25 mg/ml. The endoglucanase was stable in the presence of commercial detergents such as Ariel, Surf Excel and Tide, indicated might be of potential applications in detergent industry. The enzyme from this strain could also be applied in bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars.
SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):10. Epub 2013 Jan 12.
In an attempt to screen out cellulase producing bacteria from herbivorous animal fecal matter it was possible to isolate a potent bacterium from cow dung. The bacterium was identified as Bacillus sp. using 16S rDNA based molecular phylogenetic approach. The effect of different agricultural wastes, p
PMID 23519129

Is Markhamia lutea's abundance determined by animal foraging?

Chapman CA, Bonnell TR, Sengupta R, Goldberg TL, Rothman JM.Author information McGill School of Environment and Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T7 and Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA.AbstractUnderstanding the determinants of tropical forest tree richness and spatial distribution is a central goal of forest ecology; however, the role of herbivorous mammals has received little attention. Here we explore the potential for red colobus monkeys (Procolobus rufomitratus) to influence the abundance of Markhamia lutea trees in a tropical forest by feeding extensively on the tree's flowers, such that this tree population is not able to regularly set fruit. Using 14 years of data from Kibale National Park, Uganda, we quantify M. lutea flower and fruit production. Similarly, using 21 years of data, we quantify temporal changes in the abundance of stems in size classes from 1 m tall and above. Our analyses demonstrate that M. lutea is rarely able to produce fruit and that this corresponds to a general decline in its abundance across all size classes. Moreover, using 7 years of feeding records, we demonstrate that red colobus feed on M. lutea, consuming large amounts of leaf and flower buds whenever they were available, suggesting that this behavior limits fruit production. Therefore, we suggest that red colobus are presently important for structuring the distribution and abundance of M. lutea in Kibale. This dynamic raises the intriguing question of how a large M. lutea population was able to originally establish. There is no evidence of a change in red colobus population size; however, if this old-growth forest is in a non-equilibrium state, M. lutea may have become established when red colobus ate a different diet.
Forest ecology and management.For Ecol Manage.2013 Nov 15;308. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.052.
Understanding the determinants of tropical forest tree richness and spatial distribution is a central goal of forest ecology; however, the role of herbivorous mammals has received little attention. Here we explore the potential for red colobus monkeys (Procolobus rufomitratus) to influence the abund
PMID 24288436

Japanese Journal

語流暢性課題における質的分析の試み:─通常成人群を対象に─

浜田智哉,黒川容輔
音声言語医学 55(2), 123-129, 2014
日本語話者での動物意味カテゴリー語想起課題について質的評価法の作成および妥当性と特徴の検討を試みた．研究1では語想起課題中の"まとまり"を抽出し可視化することを目的とした．方法としては想起された語同士の共起比率を算出し，クラスター分析を行った．研究2では語想起課題中の"まとまり"と意味的類似性判断課題の結果との整合性の検証を目的とした．方法としては意味的類似性判断課題の結果からクラスター分析図を作 …
NAID 130004903366

ハシブトガラスCorvus macrorhynchosの舌表面に見られる微細構造

刘利,鎌田直樹,杉田昭栄
日本鳥学会誌 61(1), 77-83, 2012
本研究においては光学顕微鏡及び走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて，ハシブトガラスCorvus macrorhynchos舌の表面微細構造を観察した．本種の舌は舌尖，舌体，舌根の3つの部位から構成され，舌先の先端は左右に2分されており，左右共に上下二層構造を持っていた．舌体は扁平状で円形の舌隆起を有し，その尾側縁には円錐乳頭が連なっており，外側にはより大型の乳頭が見られた．さらに，粘膜下層には2種類の結合織芯 …
NAID 130004852980

The developmental plasticity of colocalization pattern of peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 in the endocrine cells of bovine rectum

, , ,
Biomedical Research 33(1), 35-38, 2012
… They are colocalized in the same endocrine cells at different ratios depending on the animal species. … The percentage of PYY/GLP-1-IR cells was high in the prenatal (early, mid- and late fetuses) and suckling stages, whereas it decreased in the herbivorous (weaning, weaned and adult) stages. …
NAID 130004470799